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Outcome: Europeans Explore the East 1. What innovations allowed Europeans to travel farther? New innovations in sailing Portugal leads the way Spain joins in The Dutch also join in Setting the Stage 1. a. b. c. Europeans had been exploring via the Crusades and with people like Marco Polo For the most part, Europeans had no interest or ability to explore foreign lands By 1400s, a desire for wealth coupled with advanced sailing techniques sparked exploration. 2. Europeans Seek New Trade Routes a. Main desire for exploration: New sources of wealth (spices & luxury goods from Asia) b. Demand was higher than supply meant merchants could charge higher prices c. England, Spain, Portugal, and France wanted to bypass Italian merchants and find new sea routes for themselves d. Europeans also used Christianity as a means to travel: They wanted to convert non-Christians throughout the world Tools of Exploration 3. European ships improved with technology New vessel: The caravel. a. b. i. Sturdier ii. Triangular sails stronger against the wind iii. Large cargo area iv. Shallow draft allowed it to explore close to the shore v. Sextant was an instrument used to determine latitude and longitude New Weapons Technology Prince Henry, the Navigator School for Navigation, 1419 Portugal Leads the Way 4. a. b. c. d. Portugal led the way in sailing innovations First country to establish trading outposts on west coast of Africa Prince Henry, son of the king, was Portugal’s most enthusiastic exploration explorer Prince Henry wanted to reach treasures of the east and spread Christianity Portugal Leads the Way 4. e. Vasco da Gama sailed to the eastern side of Africa and reached SW India f. da Gama and crew were astonished by spices, silks, and gems found in India g. da Gama’s remarkable 27,000 mile journey was worth 60 times the cost of the trip and provided Portugal with a direct sea route to India Spain Also Makes Claims 5. a. b. c. d. e. Spain watched Portugal with envy 1492 Christopher Columbus convinces Spain to finance a bold plan of finding a sea route to Asia ---> Instead he is the first European to discover Americas Portuguese suspected Columbus reached Asia and claimed land for Spain that Portugal had already claimed. This increased the exploration rivalry between Spain and Portugal The pope steps in and attempts to settle who has claim ----> The result: The Treaty of Tordesilla of 1494: Line that divided Spain and Portugal’s claims. Spain got land west of the line, which included most of the Americas, Portugal got lands to the east which included parts of modern-day Brazil The Dutch (Netherlands) 6. The people of this region declared their independence from Spain in 1581 and established the Dutch Republic By 1600, the Dutch had the largest fleet of ships in the world- 20,000 vessels a. b. The Dutch East India Company: Company that minted money, made treaties, and could raise an army. c. i. Was richer more powerful than British East India Company ii. Eventually Dutch drove out the English and established dominance over East Indies Result: The Age of Exploration would begin a competitive and expensive pursuit that would lead the Europeans to India, the Far East, and eventually the New World. Portugal, Spain are first to set up colonies in the New World England, the Netherlands, follow suit Control of Territory Divided land into provinces and appointed nobles to control them These nobles were called viceroys Viceroy system not very successful Poor communication among provinces Greedy viceroys acted with own interests Making money for Spain and Portugal: The encomienda system Farming Forced labor of Native Americans Sugar plantations Ranching Mining Silver Spanish colonizers, called peninsulares, were mostly men Marriage was common with Native women Racial blending Children born of mixed Spanish and Native blood were called mestizo Society in colonies became diverse Peninsulares: European born Settlers Creoles: Europeans born in New World Mestizos: mixed European and Native decent Mulattos: mixed European and African decent Native Americans Africans Named after Christopher Columbus The transfer of products from continent to continent Brought MANY changes in ways of life around the world Columbian Exchange and Triangular Trade What came from Europe? What came from the Americas? For each of the following items, move to the side of the room you believe it came from! What came from Africa? Outcome: The Atlantic Slave Trade 4. What was the Atlantic Slave Trade and what are some of its impacts today? 1. 2. 3. Causes of the Slave Trade The Process of Slavery Consequences of the Atlantic Slave Trade 1. Setting the Stage: Colonies are sources of wealth for European “mother” countries Cash crops a. Sugar plantations and tobacco farms required a lot of labor to turn a profit b. Native Americans were cheap but millions died from disease, warfare, and brutal treatment The Causes of African Slavery 2. a. Slavery had existed in Africa for centuries but was relatively minor b. Muslim traders ushered in an increase of slavery in Africa in the 7th century Muslims transported about 17 million African slaves from 650-1600 c. d. In African and Muslim slavery, slaves had some legal rights and social mobility e. Africans were immune to the disease that killed many natives Many Africans had experience with farming Africans weren’t likely to escape due to unfamiliarity with the new land If escaped, skin color made it easier to catch f. g. h. i. By the end of the Atlantic slave trade, Europeans had transported 9.5 million Africans to the Americas 3. Slavery Spreads Throughout the Americas a. Spain and Portugal led the way with transportation of slaves b. During the 17th century, more than 40% of all Africans brought to the Americas went to sugar plantations in Brazil As England’s presence in the Americas grew, it came to dominate the slave trade African society was broken up into tribes Many African rulers and merchants captured other Africans and traded with European traders for gold, guns, and other goods c. d. e. A Forced Journey 4. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. Transported Africans were part of the triangle trade Europeans traveled south to Africa to capture or trade for slaves (side 1) Europeans transported captured Africans across the ocean to the Americas (side2) Europeans bought sugar, coffee, and tobacco to sell back to Europe (side 3) The voyage that brought captured Africans across the ocean was called the middle passage Millions died on these voyages Africans were whipped and beaten aboard the ships Surrounded by malnutrition, disease, and human feces on the voyages Roughly 20% perished on the voyages Sharks followed the slave ships across the Atlantic! 5. Slavery in the Americas a. Auctioned off as property upon arrival to Americas b. Families were broken up and sold to different buyers c. Worked in mines or fields or as domestic servants d. Were given little food and lived in small dreary huts e. Forced to work long hours and suffered beatings f. Was a lifelong condition and was hereditary as well g. Africans used music and stories of their ancestors as modes of survival h. Found ways to resist i. Broke tools ii. Worked slowly iii. Ran away (dangerous) iv. Uprisings and revolts did occur 6. Consequences of the Slave Trade a. Numerous cultures lost generations of their fittest members b. African families torn apart Introduced guns to the African continent Labor contributed greatly to economic power of the Americas c. d. e. Brought African culture to the Americas (art, music, religion, and food) f. Large African American population in the Americas today Mixed races due to forced population g. 4. What was the Atlantic Slave Trade and what are some of its impacts today?