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A View of Egypt by Satellite The Fertile Nile Valley The Annual Flooding of the Nile Nile Irrigation-the Shaduf Farming in the Nile floodplain The Nile floodplain Felucca boats The “SOUL” of Ancient Egypt A View of Egypt by Satellite Geography: Populated Areas There were three main populated areas in Egypt: 1. The Nile Valley • • • 2. • • • 3. • • sole source of water for Egypt Predictable flooding provided rich fertile soil Both revered and feared (too much flooding or droughts) The Nile Delta Area were Nile empties into Mediterranean Sea Largest piece of fertile land Encompassed major centres of Egypt Faiyum Lake Moeris lies at end of branch of Nile is centre of oasis called Faiyum Irrigation from Nile made Faiyum the third most populated land • Fertile soil Geographic Effects • deserts provided on Egypt • protection and shelter from outside influences • Access to Mediterranean increased and expanded trade and culture • culture was one of stability and not rapid change • Deserts were an important source of minerals and building supplies (copper, tin, gold and natron, the drying agent used in mummification) Ancient Egyptian History Periods Time Frame Nile Culture Begins 3900 B. C. E. Archaic Old Kingdom Middle Kingdom New Kingdom Late Period Greek Ptolemaic Era 3100 – 2650 B. C. E. 2650 – 2134 B. C. E. 2040 – 1640 B. C. E. 1550 – 1070 B. C. E. 750 – 332 B. C. E. 332 – 30 B. C. E. Egyptian Social Hierarchy Important Pharaohs •1470 BCE – Reign of Hatsheput (one of four female Kings) •1350 BCE – Reign of Akhenaton (Wanted to change religious beliefs to monotheism) •1334 BCE – Reign of Tutankhamun (Religious revolution is reversed) •1297 BCE - Reign of Ramses II. He had over 200 wives and concubines, approximately 90 sons and 60 daughters and reigned over 67 years! His reign saw massive building projects in Egypt. The Exodus of Jews from Egypt also occurred during his reign. •525 BCE – Persians conquer Egypt •332 BCE – Alexander the Great defeats the Persians and considered savior of Egypt •50 BCE – Cleopatra VII is crowned Queen of Egypt •30 BCE – Egypt becomes part of Roman Empire after death of Menes: Unifier of Upper & Lower Egypt c. 3050 B. C. E. ? Some Famous Egyptian Pharaohs Tutankhamon 1336-1327 B. C. E. Thutmose III 1504-1450 B. C. E. Ramses II 1279-1212 B. C. E. ghlights of Ancient Egyptian History UNIFICATION OF EGYPT: King Menes unites Upper and Lower Egypt Geography d wears double crown in 3100 BCE. Following Menes came 31 dynastie er 3000 years. AGE OF PYRAMIDS: Era of the Old Kingdom (2690 BCE), Pharaohs re absolute rulers and viewed as a god holding absolute secular and gious power. Stone monuments were embodiment of Pharaoh's power d a medium of immortality. Pyramids evolved from mastabas, then Ste amids, most known are Pyramids at Giza (2600-2500 BCE) MHOTEP: not a ruler but revered and his life was recorded (architect, dicine, right hand to Pharaoh Djoser (2686-2613 BCE) NATIONAL GOD “AMON-RE”: Middle Kingdom: Under Theban King uth), the Theban god “Amon” merged with sun god “Re” which became yptian national god “Amon-Re” P o l i t i c s How Pharaoh's ruled •absolute rulers of the land •believed to be the earthly embodiment of the god Horus who was the son of Amon-Re •Therefore they had the divine right to rule •This allowed them to move between god and their people •People followed their orders because they believed they were from god •No one would challenge the King’s authority and he could rule in relative peace •The throne passed on to eldest son of Principal Queen who was usual the eldest daughter of the previous king therefore the king’s sister •Pharaohs owned all the land – they had a hierarchy of government officials to help him rule •Second to the Pharaohs were the scribes who would record the doings of the Pharaoh Egypt’s economic prosperity Wealth • Agriculture made up most of Egypt’s wealth – grain, vegetables, fruit, cattle, goats, pigs and fowl • Abundance and management of food supplies (not royal treasury) was the measure of Egypt’s wealth = full granaries, plenty of wildlife and fish, and thriving herds were the signs of prosperity. These were the images used in the tombs of the Pharaohs to illustrate the wealth of their reigns Economy • Based on food production and minerals from the desert • Access to the Mediterranean trade extended trade as far as Northern Europe, subtropical Africa and the Near East • Trading was done by bartering goods (grain, oil, wheat) • Taxes, salaries and loans were all paid entirely in goods • Trading made Egypt a powerful influence in culture, art, ideas and technology (ie. Western calendar was taken from the Romans who had borrowed it from the Egyptians) • Trade eventually grew and expanded, bringing new ideas and goods into Egyptian society Ancient Egypt: Why so stable? • Ancient Egypt lasted for 3500 years due to factors in: – Geography – Politics – Social structure – Education – Economy – Religion = Stability was goal and change slow and cautious Three Kingdoms of Ancient Egypt OLD KINGDOM (2575-2134 BCE) Pharaohs organized a strong central state, were absolute rulers, and were considered gods. Khufu and others built pyramids at Giza. MIDDLE KINGDOM (2040-1640 BCE) Large drainage project created arable farmland. Traders had contacts with Middle East and Crete. Corruption and rebellions were common. NEW KINGDOM (1532-1070 BCE) Powerful pharaohs created a large empire that reached the Euphrates River. Hatshepsut encouraged trade. Tutankhamen: boy-king Power struggles, crop failures, and cost of pyramids contributed to the collapse of the Old Kingdom. Hyksos invaded and occupied the delta region. Ramses II expanded Egyptian rule to Syria. Egyptian power declined. The Hyksos utilized superior bronze weapons, chariots, and composite bows to help them take control of Egypt, and by about 1720 BC Starting in 1567 B.C., the pharaoh Ahmose I eventually managed to defeat the Hyksos from Egypt, reuniting Egypt and establishing the New Kingdom (c. 1567-1085 B.C. A more professional army was developed. Ahmose and his army driving out the Hyksos. The Sea People The Sea Peoples is the term used for a mysterious confederacy of seafaring raiders who sailed into the eastern shores of the Mediterranean, invaded Cyprus, and the Eastern Mediterranean, and Egyptian territory Invasion of the “Sea Peoples” around 1200 B.C. The days of Egyptian empire were ended, and the New Kingdom expired with the end of the twentieth dynasty in 1085 B.C. For the next thousand years, despite periodic revivals of strength, Egypt was dominated by Libyans, Nubians, Persians, & Macedonians. Egyptian Drawings of Two Different Tribes of Sea People Routes of the “Sea Peoples” The end of the Bronze Age! Comparison of Mesopotamia and Egypt Mesopotamia Egypt Agriculture +“Land between the rivers” (Tigris and Euphrates forms Fertile Crescent +Artificial irrigation +”Gift of the Nile” +Artificial irrigation Specialization +Pottery, textiles, woodworking, leather, brick making, stonecutting, masonry +Pottery, textiles, woodworking, leather production, stonecutting, masonry Cities -Numerous, densely populated city-states (Ur and Babylon) -Fewer cities with high centralization (Memphis and Thebes) Social Hierarchy -Noble class -Patriarchal +Slaves -Absolute authority of the pharaoh made a noble class unnecessary (had bureaucrats instead) -Patriarchal, but the presence of Queen Hatsheput may indicate greater opportunities for women +Slaves Comparison of Mesopotamia and Egypt (cont.) Mesopotamia Egypt Religion and Education -Polytheism -afterlife was bad -Polytheism, but brief period of monotheism under Akhentan -Afterlife and judgment - could be good or bad (mummification) New Technologies -Superior in metallurgy -Papyrus, shipbuilding, pyramids Economic exchange -Trade by land and water -Trade principally by water along the Nile -Trade more important because Egypt lacked natural resources beside the Nile Art and Writing -Cuneiform -Hieroglyphs (more pictorial than cuneiform)