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Biology 101 Final Exam Key Terms Unit 1 Scientific method Hypothesis Theory Covalent bond, polar covalent bond, nonpolar covalent bond, ionic bond, hydrogen bond, and Van der Waals interactions The properties of water The four structures of a protein The four biological molecules Cell theory Prokaryotic and eukaryotic differences and similarities Endomembrane system ALL the organelles Kinetic and potential energy Law of thermodynamics Phospholipid bilayer Fluid mosaic model (the components involved) What is permeable: selective permeability Passive and active transport (and its subcategories) Endocytosis (all 3 types) ALL steps and aspect of cellular respiration, including, but not limited to: equation, glycolysis, citric acid, and ETC, NAD+ and NADH Fermentation Photosynthesis (steps, components, blah blah blah) C4 and CAM plants and how they differ from “normal” plants Unit 2 Mitosis and its steps (MAKE SURE YOU KNOW THE IMPORTANT THINGS THAT HAPPEN IN EACH STEP!!!) Three functions of cell division The difference between “the cycle” InterphaseM phasecytokinesis Difference between the terms chromatin, chromosomes, and chromatids (and when each term is used in reference to mitosis) Meiosis and the steps (FOCUS ON HOW THE CHROMOSOMES LOOK) Homologous chromosome (when do they form?) Independent assortment, random fertilization, and crossing over Genetics, inheritance, traits Punnett squares Alleles (what dominant and recessive mean…BE CAREFUL! Dominant does not always mean “most common” allele) Genotype and phenotype Punnett squares Law of segregation and Law of independent assortment Test cross PUNNETT SQUARES! Incomplete dominance, codominance, and pleiotropy Polygenic inheritance Pedigrees (make sure that you are comfortable interpreting these) Autosomal recessive disorder (what it means to be a carrier) and autosomal dominant X chromosome inactivation X-linked recessive disorder Hershey and Chase experiment The structure of DNA and who discovered it Nucleotide bases Antiparallel strands DNA replication (steps!) RNA, mRNA, pre mRNA, and tRNA Codon and anticodon Reading frame Transcription and translation EPA site MUTATIONS Gene regulation in prokaryotes Bacterial transcription Lac I and Lac operon Biotechnology Genetic engeneering Selective breeding GMOs (and how they are made) The role of bacteria and plasmid DNA in cloning Genetic potential Unit 3 Evolution Idea of fixed species Lyell and Lamarck (what did they find? How did it contribute to Darwin?) 3 of Darwin’s observations 2 of Darwin’s major points Artificial selection Natural selection Adaptations Fitness Evidence of evolution Genetic drift, gene flow, mutation, and natural selection (and the subcategories) Directional selection, disruptive selection, and stabilizing selection Steps of preserving genetic variation Characteristics of plants Plant traits shared with algal ancestors Alternation of generations Non vascular plant characteristics Vascular seedless plant characteristics Evolution of the seed Angiosperms and gymnosperms Plant defenses Groups of chordates Characteristics defining vertebrates Fish groups Tiktaalik (important characteristics that transitioned fish from water to land animals) Amphibian groups Reptile characteristics Bird characteristics 3 types of mammals (classes) Derived primate characteristics Differences between new world and old world monkeys Derived ape characteristics Early hominins Types of ecological study Niche Interspecies competition Character displacement Physical defenses of prey Adaptations of predators 3 types of commensalism Keystone species Producers, consumers and decomposers Trophic levels Food web 3 types of pyramids Unit 4 Recognize Tinbergen’s four questions Proximate vs. ultimate Fixed action pattern Types of communication Innate behaviors vs learned behaviors Associative learning Reproductive behaviors Sexual dimorphism Parental care options Altruistic behaviors Development of organisms with cell differentiation and gene expression Apoptosis Pattern formation Bicoid gene (morphogen) Evo-devo Cave fish vs surface fish (similar) examples Options for dealing with failure of body parts How to grow a new organ Stem cells Steps to regenerate limbs and such Two main types of stem cells Pros and cons of stem cells iPS cells Types of cancer Oncogenes and tumor suppressors Ras mutations Chromosome translocation Immune system is able to facilitate recovery Pathogen Innate vs acquired immunity First line of defense and second line Cell defenses against illness Lymphocytes B cells and T cells Adaptive immunity properties Humoral and cell-mediated responses Vaccines