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B20 Ch3 Biomes, Ecosystems and Populations: WHY AREN’T SPECIES DISTRIBUTED EVENLY ACROSS THE EARTH? How do Biomes affect species distribution? Why are there specific biomes in specific latitudes? Pg. 93-103 BIOME – An ecosystem or group of ecosystems in a specific region on Earth that has a particular combination of biotic and abiotic factors; for eg, tundra, desert, rainforest, taiga, etc. The unequal heating of Earth and differences in rainfall creates different climates a different latitudes. Temperature and Precipitation and their Effects on Biomes of the World How do LIMITING FACTORS affect species distribution? Limiting factors provide checks and balances on population numbers, population cycles, and create unique habitats and ecosystems. Limiting factors are biotic and abiotic. LIMITING FACTOR • A limi ng factor is any bio c or abio c element that controls the number of individuals in a popula on. Bio c limi ng factors include compe on, preda on, and parasites. Limiting factors prevent these bacteria from reproducing infinitely. Limiting factors affect the productivity of ecosystems. Productivity: the rate at which an ecosystem’s producers capture radiant energy and store it in organic compounds ( J/m2/yr or g/ m2/yr). Productivity depends on many variables, including # of producers and how much heat, light and moisture is available. Choose 3 of your favorite ecosystems in the graph above and list some limiting abiotic and biotic factors found in each. Put this in a table. Explain the graph results for the 3 ecosystems. Biotic Factors: Competition, predators, parasitism pg. 101 – 103. How do these factors provide checks and balances and cause regular population cycles? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GxE1SSqbSn4&index=4&list=PL8dPuuaLjXtNdTKZkV _GiIYXpV9w4WxbX Crash Course Community Ecology https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D1aRSeT-mQE&list=PL1584FDFF24D0F6A2 Competition, Predation and Symbiosis Brainstorm how species limit inter- and intra – specific competition – because if they don’t then one species will outcompete the other and one will go extinct. (Hint: Remember from the Crash Course Clip the Principle of Competitive Exclusion and realized niche vs. fundamental niche) 1. COMPETITION: What’s different about these pairs in terms of competition? Generalists – ex. vs Intraspecific competition– ex. (within a species) vs. interspecific competition – ex. (between species) specialists – ex. MacArthur’s Famous Warble Study 2. PREDATORS AND PARASITES: What are the checks and balances in these interactions? PREDATOR:PREY CYCLES PARASITISM ANIMAL PARASITES The parasite lives and feeds off of a host. It rarely kills the host, but weakens it. The parasite is usually smaller than the host. One organism can have many parasites. 3. Invasive Species: What happens when there aren’t checks and balances? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=spTWwqVP_2s The threat of invasive species How do scientists study ecological interactions in ecosystems? Populations: a group of individuals of the same species living in a specific area. A species = organisms that breed and produce fertile organisms. Population ecologists study: • population size and how it changes over time • age distribution • # of females and males, limiting factors on their population • carrying capacity • habitat, niche, range • interactions with other populations and their environment. • succession • zones Carrying capacity (the population size that can be supported by of an ecosystem for any species) is affected by many situations, including seasonal change. Habitat: Where do you live? What’s your address? Niche: What is your role in the ecosystem? What do you do? Do you eat meat? Range: What part of the biosphere (geological area) do you live in? The variety of niches and habitats within an ecosystem is determined by the biotic and abiotic factors mentioned above, and determines the species diversity of an ecosystem. Complex ecosystems offer more habitats and niches and thus promote greater species biodiversity which is important for the stability of the ecosystem and its ability to withstand change (resiliency). The monocultures human’s create (i.e CHS football field, monocultures in agriculture, lawns, reclamation) decrease species biodiversity, and limit an ecosystem’s ability to withstand change. SUCCESSION Species diversity changes over time from pioneer species to the climax community. ECOSYSTEM ZONES Stromatolites and Earth’s changing atmosphere pg. 55-56 Stromatolites are made of fossilized ancient bacteria – primarily photosynthetic cyanobacteria that scientists believe caused the sudden increase in oxygen in the Earth’s atmosphere billions of years ago changing it from an anaerobic to an aerobic environment, greatly increasing species diversity. Many stromatolites 2.5 billion years old or older have dark banding patterns caused by iron in the ancient oceans combining with the O2 released by the photosynthesizing cyanobacteria and forming black iron oxides. Stromatolites less than 1.8 billion years old do not have black bands, indicating that the ocean’s iron ions were used up and the O2 from the cyanobacteria was now released into the atmosphere. This changed the Earth’s atmosphere into an oxygen rich environment which over evolutionary time evolved into the O2 dependent biosphere we have now. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uU00tg98Jjw cyanobacteria explained! Some primitive cyanobacteria entered a symbiotic relationship with early organisms – these cyanobacteria became chloroplasts and opened up evolution for the huge variety of photosynthetic organisms and the present day oxygen dependent ecosystem! Taxonomy: How do scientists organize and classify all of this biodiversity? At first there were 6 kingdoms, but with so many new species and increasing biochemical and genetic information our taxonomic system is: 3 Domains – each subdivided into Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species. (Mnemonic: Danish King Philip Came Over From Germany Sunday). The Three Domains of Life Bacteria: lack a membrane bound nucleus: ex. bacteria that cause diseases and form the microflora of our skin, nasal passages, mouth, teeth, and gut Archaea: lack a membrane bound nucleus, have a distinctive cell membrane and cell wall chemistry: ex. thermal vent bacteria (chemosynthesis). Live in extreme environments. Eukarya: membrane bound nucleus: ex. humans! Classification of living things: an introduction https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vqxomJIBGcY As you proceed within a domain from Kingdom down to species, there are more similarities in the organisms in each classification. Chordata share more characteristics than Animalia. Homo sapiens (humans) share more characteristics than a cat and a human even though they are in the same Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, and Class. Linnaeus devised a binomial naming system and named every individual species by its unique Genus and species name which we still use today. Dichotomous keys have been devised to enable us to identify living organisms to their genus and species name. Di means two, chotomy means cut. In these keys there are always 2 statements (“cuts”) and you observe the organism you are trying to identify and you choose one of the 2 statements and proceed from there – check out pg. 89, and #6 pg. 92.