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Skeletal System
Health Care
Science
Technology
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Terms to know
• Abduction – motion away from the midline
of the body
• Adduction- motion toward the midline of
the body
• Flexion – decrease in
the angle between
two bones at their
joint
• Extension –
movement that
straightens bones at
their joint.
• Joint – point of juncture of two or more
bones
• Ligaments – tissue which connects bones
to bones at a joint
• Synovial fluid – lubricating fluids
• Tendon – tissue which connects muscles
to bone
Skeletal System Terms
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arthr/o………….joint
burs/o…………bursa
carp/o………...carpels
chondr/o……cartilage
clavicul/o……clavicle
coccyg/o………coccyx
cost/o……………rib
crani/o…………skull
(wrist)
(collar bone)
(tailbone)
• femor/o………femur
• fibul/o…………fibula
(thigh bone)
(thinner lower leg
bone)
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humer/o …….humerus (upper arm bone)
ili/o…………..ilium
(part of the pelvis)
ischi/o………….ischium (part of the pelvis)
mandibul/o……mandible
(lower jaw)
• maxill/o ………..maxilla
(upper jaw)
• metacarp/o…….metacarpus
• metatars/o……..metatarsus
(hand bones)
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muscul/o………muscle
my/o…………...muscle
myel/o…bone marrow
oste/o…………bone
patell/o……….patella
Phalang/o…phalanges
(foot bones)
(knee cap)
(fingers and toes)
• pub/o………….pubis
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(part of the pelvis)
radi/o………. radius
(part of the forearm)
sacr/o……….sacrum
scapul/o……..scapular (shoulder blade)
spondyl/o…….vertebra
stern/o ……..sternum (breast bone)
• tars/o……….tarsals
• ten/o………..tendon
(ankle)
• tendin/o………tendon
• tibi/o………….tibia
• uln/o…………..ulna
(shin, larger lower leg bone)
(part of the forearm)
• vertebr/o……..vertebra
The Skeletal
System
• The adult body
consists of 206
bones.
Functions of the Skeleton
– Support
• Provides a framework for the body
– Protection
• Protects vital organs
– Movement
– Storage areas
• Stores calcium
– Production – produces blood cells in the
marrow
• Categories of
Bones
long bones
•
Arms and
legs
(humerus,
femur).
Long Bones
• The longest portion of
a long bone is called
the “shaft”. The outer
portion is compact
bone. Oxygen and
nutrients are brought
from the bloodstream
to the compact bone.
• The shaft is also
called the diaphysis.
Each end of the shaft
has an area shaped
to connect to other
bones by means of
ligaments and
muscles. These ends
are called epiphysis
Short Bones
Are small, cubeshaped bones
• Examples:
Wrists, ankles,
and toes
(carpals, tarsals).
Flat Bones
• Usually have
large flat
surfaces that
cover organs.
The shoulder
blades, ribs,
pelvis, and skull
have flat bones
Irregular Bones
•Irregular bones
are specialized
bones with
specific shapes.
•The bones of the
ears, face, and
vertebrae are
irregular bones.
Sesamoid Bones
– Sesamoid bones are
formed in a tendon
near joints.
• The knee cap
(patella) is a
sesamoid bone.
Sesamoid bones
are also found in
the hands and
feet.
• Bone Marrow
– Soft connective tissue is
important in the production of
blood cells.
– Red bone marrow is found in
infants’ bones and in flat bones
of adults.
– Yellow bone marrow is found in
most other adult bones and is
made up of connective tissue
filled with fat.
Divisions of skeleton
• Axial Skeleton:
– Skull
• Cranium
• Face
– Vertebral column
– Thorax
Bones of the Head (Skull)
– Frontal bone.
– Ethmoid bone.
– Parietal bone.
– Temporal bone.
– Occipital bone.
– Sphenoid bone.
• The Spinal Column
– Consists of 5 sets of vertebrae.
• Cervical vertebrae – 7 bones.
• Thoracic vertebrae – 12 bones.
• Lumbar vertebrae – 5 bones.
• Sacrum – 5 fused bones.
• Coccyx – the tailbone, formed
from 4 fused bones.
The Vertebral Column
• Bones of the
Chest
– Clavicle, or
collarbone.
– Sternum, or
breastbone.
– Twelve pairs of
ribs.
• Bones of the
Pelvis
– Pelvic girdle –
large bone that
forms the hips
and supports the
trunk of the body.
– Cartilage
connects the 2
pubic bones.

Appendicular Skeleton
– Upper
extremities
– Arms
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Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
Radius and Ulna
Bones of the Hand and Wrist
Appendicular Skeleton
– Lower
extremities
– Legs
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Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
The Femur
The Patella
Bones of the Foot
Joints
• Points where bones
connect
• Connected with
ligaments which are
bands of fibrous
tissue
Types of Joints
• Fixed Joints – allow no movement of
bones (example: bones in the skull)
• Partially moveable joints – allow
some movement of bones (example:
vertebrae)
Moveable Joints
• Allows full
movement of
bones
• Different types of
movable joints:
– Ball-and-socket
joints allow
movement in any
direction.
Moveable Joints
• Hinge Joints –
allow movement
in only one
direction
• Examples: elbow
and knee
Moveable Joints
• Pivot Joints –
allows rotating
movement from
side to side
Movable Joints
• Gliding joints
allows sliding
movement back
and forth
(example: wrist)
Diseases and Disorders of the
Skeletal System
• Fractures – breaks or cracks in the
bone
Compound Fracture
• Also known as
an open fracture,
is a break with
an open wound
Compound fx of the ankle
Comminuted fx
• A break in which the
bone is fragmented or
shattered
Spiral fx
• This occurs when a
bone is twisted apart.
Osteoporosis
• Softening of the bones due to lack of
calcium and exercising
Osteomyelitis
• Caused by bacteria in
bone tissue
Arthritis
• It is an inflammation of the joints
causing pain, stiffness, aching,
and limited range of motion. The
three common types are
osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis,
and gout.
Osteoarthritis
is degeneration of the joints and
erosion of the joint cartilage
Rheumatoid Arthritis
• A systemic disease
affecting the
connective tissue.
Gout
• An accumulation of
uric crystals in the
joints. It usually
affects the big toe.
Sprain
• An injury or trauma to
the joints that tears
the ligaments.
Symptoms include
swelling, tenderness,
pain, and an inability
to move the area.
Scoliosis
• Side-to-side
(lateral) curvature
of the spine
Kyphosis
also known as a humpback
• Rounding forward at
the thoracic vertebrae
Lordosis
also known as a swayback
• An abnormal inward
curvature of the
lumbar spine
Bursitis
• Inflammation of the
bursa
Herniated Disc
• Also called a slipped
or ruptured disc
• One or more of the
spinal discs bulges
out from inside the
bony part of the
vertebrae