Download [Social]:(Untouchables)

Sophia Ashiqueali Mr. Tavernia AP World History/Period 3 Packet: C [Social]:(Untouchables) The untouchables were a low status of Hindu people who held menial jobs. The Hindu caste system is separated into four parts: the Brahmin, the Kshatriya, the Vaishya, and the Shudras. The Brahmins are at the top of the caste system and include scholars and priests. The Kshatriyas are below Brahmins and include warriors. The Vaishya are artisans or farmers and the Shudras are servants. Members are not allowed to approach those of other castes otherwise they would receive penalties and sometimes be removed from the caste. These principals were influenced by the beliefs of karma; if you do good in your current life then you will be reincarnated into a higher cast after you die. Being born into a high caste meant you had done good and being born into a low caste meant you had committed sin. The untouchables are so lowly that they are not included in the caste system. The untouchables performed unwanted tasks such as working with the dead hide of cows. They also performed jobs such as burning the holy stairs of the temple that led to the river and performing executions. Untouchables were not allowed to enter Hindu temples, read religious Hindu books, use common village wells, live outside the village, and enter the residential areas of higher castes. The untouchables could only marry people that share the same status as they do. Members of the elite caste governed the actions of the untouchables. They made rules stating that the untouchables were forbidden from using modes of transportation, apparel and accessories, and markers of honor and status. Mikhal Ben-Joseph
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History Period 3
Packet: C
Social: Plebeian (Module 6)
During the era of the Roman Republic, from 507 to 31 BCE, the main power of politics
came from a body called the Senate. The Senate was at first simply an advisory council to the
Assembly, but as time went on, it became more responsible for policy and government activity.
Senator positions were held for life and handed down hereditarily. This conglomerated the
wealthiest and most influential male citizens. However, this severe, politically backed social
disparity led to a recurrent struggle known as the “Conflict of Orders”, where the elite Patricians
and majority Plebeians often disagreed. The Plebeians went on strikes of sorts, refusing to work,
fight, or participate in society, demanding changes in their treatment. This forced the Patricians
to concede to some Plebeian requests, such as the publication of laws on the Twelve Tablets and
the creation of tribunes, who were Plebeian actors in the assembly who could stand up for the
rights of non-elites. However, these concessions weren’t always what the Plebeians desired
because the Patricians managed to counteract the reforms, sometimes by bringing in tribunes to
the elite class. The Patron-Client relationship, which was basically a Plebeian obedience in return
for protection from a Patrician, also ingrained social inequality into the Roman way of life.
Vincent Brando
Mr. Tavernia
World History AP/Period 3
Packet: C
​
[​Social] - (​Social and Economic
​ Classes)
Plebeians:​ At the top of the social hierarchy pyramid of Rome were the rich and wealthy,
including generals, landowners, political figures, and the occasional merchant. At the other end
of the spectrum were Rome’s plebeians. This class contained the peasants, commoners, and
working class. People with such jobs as builders, workers, or farmers would fall under the
category of a plebeian, and often took orders from the patricians. These plebeians made up the
bulkhead or Rome’s population and
workforce, as most plebeian-tier
jobs required little to no skill or
education, placing many plebeians
in the unskilled laborers category.
Plebeians also had little class
mobility. A plebeian was unable to
marry into wealth, as it was
forbidden until 445 BC when the Lex Canuleia law was passed. The plebeians also were aware
of these social disadvantages and started a revolt known as the Conflict of Orders, to gain more
recognition in the eyes of the patricians.
Gabi Coutinho
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History Period III
Packet C
Social: Brahmin
The word “brahmin” derives from the Sanskrit word “Brahmana”, which means
“Supreme Self” or God. It is used to refer to a person who has knowledge of Vedas and teaches
about God. In Vedic Indian society, the caste system divided the population in four distinct
occupation-based social classes. Brahmin included priests and scholars; Kshatriya included
warriors and officials; Vaishya included merchants, artisans, and landowners; and Shudra
included laborers. A group not included in these four classes were the Untouchables, who
performed undesirable, unclean tasks. This division was justified by past life good or bad karma
and explained by a creation myth about Purusha, a creature from which each
class emerged from a different body part. The Brahmin came from Purusha’s
mouth and was a symbol of knowledge and intelligence.
The Brahmin priests taught about the atman, karma, and reincarnation
according to past life. They presided the sacrifices, were the only ones to know the Veda, and
were considered intermediary between gods and humans. Their knowledge was passed down
orally from generation to generation of priests. Some believe they might have avoided writing to
maintain power by keeping their knowledge exclusive. Women could not serve as Brahmins but
could participate in religious activity. Brahmin’s power and Vedic religion, which evolved into
Hinduism, was opposed by those who started following Buddhism or Jainism.
Luis Garcia
Mr. Tavernia
Period 3
Packet: C
Social: Varna
The Varna are the four major social divisions of Indian history. The classes are the Brahmin,
Kshatriya, Vaishya, Shudra, who are the priest, warrior and elite, merchant and farmer, and
laborer classes, respectively. The classes are believed to correspond to the body parts of Purusha,
a primordial creature. The Brahmins represents the mouth, the Kshatriyas the arms, the vaishya
the thighs, and the shudras the feet. Each class, also referred to as caste, is said to have its own
dharma, or duty, and require diligence in fulfilling their dharma in order to come closer to
enlightenment. The varna are further subdivided into Jati, or birth groups, that put region into
context in Indian social division.
.
Theme 5: Untouchables
Untouchables, also called Dalit,
refers to any ​member of a wide range of
low-caste Hindu groups and any person
outside the ​caste​ system. The groups
characterized as untouchable were those
whose occupations and habits of life
involved ritually polluting activities. These
activities include taking life for a living (ex. fisherman), killing or disposing of dead cows and
working with their hides for a living, performing activities that brought the worker into contact
with the human body, or eating the flesh of cattle, domestic pigs or chickens. The Hindu people
referred to the Hill Tribes of India as untouchables
not because they were primitive, but because they
consumed beef. Until the reform of the Indian
constitution, untouchables were under severe
restrictions in the Hindu social system. They were
segregated into hamlets outside of the cities, and
were usually not allowed inside of temples, schools,
or wells from which higher castes drew water.
Rishab Jain Mr. Tavernia AP World History/P.3 Packet C [Social]: Plebeians Plebeians was the lower class of people in the Roman empire which was normally set by the census. Plebeians were commoners that didn’t own as much and were discriminated compared to the elite class during that time period. Although the origins of this labeling isn’t certain, it has been predicted that under the rule of Ancus Marcius this set of classification was established. The plebeians often grew mad because of the unfair treatment and the fact that they had no say in the government. The elite class or the patricians denied them the right to some say in the government which led to rebellion. The rebellion between patricians and plebeians was a form of class warfare that caused the decline of the Roman empire. In conclusion, plebeians was the lower class who demanded that they have power in the government leading to conflict with the elites of the society. Paridhi Kapadia
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History, Pd. 3
Packet C
Social: Plebeian
In ancient Roman society, during the classical period, there existed a social hierarchy. At the top
was the ruler, the priests, the patricians, (elites) and finally, the masses, or the plebeians. The
plebeians were mainly made up of farmers, and other unskilled, lower class workers. The
disparate inequalities in Rome led to period conflict between these plebeians and patricians.
They would refuse to work or fight, and even withdraw from the city itself in order to garner
political concessions on the part of the patricians. Furthermore, they created new officials, the
tribunes, who acted as the voice of the plebeians in any and all political discussions. However,
eventually, to fight back against the revolting masses, the elites just added the tribunes to the
“elite” class and paid them off, creating a major economic disturbance solely through the
imbalance of the social classes.
Leah Kapela
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History/ Period 3
Packet: C
Social: Plebeians
In ancient Rome, the majority of the population was known as “plebeians”
meaning that they were common people. The other social group, called patricians, were
considered the elites and were wealthy.
During the 4th and 5th centuries BCE, the plebeians were not a part of the Roman
Senate and were not given many rights. The patricians, the wealthy, had rights and had
control of The Senate. The plebeians were the working class of Rome and were the
farmers, builders, bakers, etc. However, together the plebeians made up their own class
and had meeting, formal records, and elected their own members.
Eventually, both the patricians and the plebeians were able
to combine in to one group and shared rights in regards to The
Senate. The split between the working class and the wealthy,
however, is something that is seen in many civilizations even in
modern times.
Abhitya Krishnaraj
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History Period 3
Packet C
Social: Kshatriya
Kshatriya is one of the four major varna of the hindu society. It is the second
highest level of the indian caste system. Traditionally, the kshatriya constituted the
ruling and military elite. Their role was to protect society by fighting in wartime and
governing in peacetime. The ​Prakrit​ derivative of Kshatriya is Khatri.
Kings usually belonged to this caste and it was
considered their duty (dharma) to acquire a knowledge
of weapons in addition to cultivating their aptitude for
command and good governance. The science of
weaponry (​dhanurveda​) was one of the 13 branches of
learning which every educated kshatriya male was
expected to study. Both the king's suite and the army
were naturally recruited from among this caste but not
every kshatriya exercised a military calling. Many
kshatriya were authorised to take up a craft or trade rather than gaining their living as
professional warriors.
This is a major part of the social structure of india as
they kept the order and peace in the land. They were
the leaders and fighters in battles and were the
reasons that the empires grew.
Social life in Hindu systems constrict people so that
they have to stay in the same caste as their ancestors.
Sam Marx
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History Period 3
Packet C
Theme 5: Social- The Untouchables
Eventually a fifth group was marked off: the Untouchables. They were excluded from the
class system, and members of the other groups literally avoided them because of the demeaning
or polluting work to which they were relegated—such as leather tanning, which involved
touching dead animals, and sweeping away ashes of the dead after cremations.
Many different hereditary castes have been traditionally subsumed under the title untouchable,
each of which subscribes to the social rule of marriage exclusively within the ​caste community
that governs the caste system.
Traditionally, the groups characterized as untouchable were those whose occupations and
habits of life involved ritually polluting activities, of which the most important were taking life
for a living, for example, fishermen, killing or disposing of cattle, pursuing activities that meant
contact with human excretes and eating the flesh of cattle or of domestic pigs and chickens, a
category into which most of the indigenous tribes of India fell.
Until the adoption of the new constitutions in independent India and Pakistan, the untouchables
were subjected to many social restrictions. They were forbidden entry to many temples, to most
schools, and to wells from which higher castes drew water.
Jacob Mass
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History/Period 3
Packet C
Social: Untouchables
The Untouchables, also known as the Dalit, have to do with the caste system in
ancient India. Though most of society and the Hindi religion was divided into castes,
predetermined social classes deciding one’s job and place in society, the Untouchables
were seen as not even part of the caste system. While each caste had specific assigned
jobs, the Untouchables did not have specified jobs, and traditionally did the horrible jobs
seen as impure by the rest of society. This idea of Untouchable people was actually not
mentioned explicitly in Vedic texts, and instead just sort of formed as a result of society
continuing and people separating into this unwanted jobs. Jobs like this included killing
animals for a living, working with dead animals or hides, and dealing with human
excretion. This was seen as so impure that the majority of the population, members
already of current castes, preferred not to even identify with the Untouchables.
Traditionally, a Hindi’s caste reflected his or her actions in a past life, meaning that
Untouchables were supposedly so horrible that they
were removed from the caste system. Many looked
down on the Untouchables; thus, they often left
Hinduism to join another religion such as Buddhism,
in which they could attain their goal, in this case
enlightenment, from any stage.
Nicolas Menendez
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History Period 3
9 November 2016
Packet C Portfolio Project
Social
As societies and population grew there was an invent of distinct social classes. These
social classes provides a social structure for the society as it sets apart people due to the class and
work they are in. In the Hindu society there was a caste system in the classical period. The
different classes were thought to make up the different parts of the body of God. The mouth of
God was the highest social class on the Hindu social hierarchy, the priests. The people of which
had a divine connection with God made up the highest class of the caste system and were
thought to make up the mouth and head of God. This was impressive as this civilization puts
priests above the second class of rulers and kings, that made the arms of the God. The brahmin
were the highest and most important people of this early civilization and were part of this unique
social structure which
civilization.
encompassed the entire Hindu
Isabel Mitre Mr. Tavernia AP World History/Period 3 Packet C Social: Social and Economic Classes Although Rome considered itself a republic, it was in name only. Excluding slaves, there were two main classes: the patricians and the plebeians. Only the patricians, or the wealthy, landowning aristocrats were the ones who had a say in the government. They considered themselves better than the other classes, born with a right to rule. The rest of the citizens, the plebeians, who were the non-landowning masses. However, as time went on, the “right to rule” became hereditary, which allowed the patricians to separate themselves from what they considered the lower class. The two citizen classes, the patricians and plebeians, grew further and further apart. Some plebeians managed to beat the odds, and became wealthy. The plebeians were the clear majority of Roman citizenry. As the more affluent plebeians began to threaten to leave Rome if they didn’t have some voice in the government, the patricians realized they were losing control. They also recognized that they needed the plebeians more than the plebeians needed them, so they decided to relinquish some, but not all, authority. The struggle for power between the classes would last decades. Emily Moon
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History P3
Packet C
AP Social Theme: Caste System
The caste system from Hinduism is a very well known social hierarchy that emerged
with the religion. There are four classes with Brahmin at the top, which were priests. This
showed how important religious figures were to the society, as they placed them above
the Kshatriya, who were the warriors and the leaders. Next they placed the merchants and
the landowners under the warriors, followed by the commoners or lower class. Servants
were included in that caste, or varna. The dalits were thought to be so low and so
unworthy that they are not even included as a caste, but a whole separate category under
everything because of their duty to clean the streets and deal with dead animals. It is clear
that the social classes of Hindu society were heavily dictated by their religion.
Ephraim Oyetunji
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History/ Period 3
Packet: C
Social: Brahmin
In South Asia, Hinduism dominated the social statuses of all individuals within the
society. Brahmins were at the top of the caste system, a social hierarchy based on one’s deeds in
their past life. They were essentially Hindu priests that performed religious rituals for the general
populations such as wedding prayers, temple rituals, and messengers of the holy deities. They
were considered to be above the emperors and kings of that time and had a stronger influence in
politics than priests of other cultures. Their dharma required them to be honest, Vedic scholars. If
they obeyed and fully adhered to their dharma, they would achieve moksha and become one with
the Brahman.
Emily Pallack
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History Period 3
Packet C
Social:Brahmin
Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism were born in India. The country is also an
adopted home for Zoroastrianism. About 80 percent of Indians are Hindu. Officially, Hinduism is
considered not a religion but a way of life. Shared beliefs of various indigenous religions merged
over thousands of years, so people often include images of gods from other religions in their
family temples. Differences between religions usually are minor due to the historical Brahmin
influence on most castes. Brahmin spread throughout India over time, adopting and adapting
local religions and then writing their philosophies in Sanskrit and the local languages.
Brahmanism helped shape many religious traditions. Buddhism even stems, in part, from
Brahmin philosophy. Hindu concepts include reincarnation and veneration for trees and animals,
which can be symbols of a certain god. Among the most prominent Hindu gods in various states
are Narayana, Rama, Krishna, Shiva, Durga, Jagannath, Ganesh, Murugan, and Vishnu. About
14 percent of Indians are Muslims, who follow the teachings found in the Qur'an and regard
Muhammad as the last messenger of Allah.
Austin Park
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History
4 November 2016
Theme 5: Untouchables
The Untouchables were members of Hindu groups that were not included in the
caste system. People in this social class were thought of as a very low social status. The
reason they were regarded to as so low was because of their occupations. They did jobs
that had to deal with polluting activities. These included coming in contact with
emissions of the human body, killing dead cattle, eating cattle flesh, and taking a life of a
living thing. Along with this categorization came social restrictions. Most of the time,
they were segregated in hamlets that were not inside certain villages or towns. Also, they
were not allowed to enter certain places, touch certain things, and sometimes be seen.
These actions were considered to pollute society. This caused people in this social class
to convert to other religions such as Buddhism and Christianity. Eventually, people
realized that this was wrong and started to ban untouchability.
Matthew Robbins
Tavernia
AP World History - Period 3
November 10, 2016
Social - Patricians
Patrician is a term used to describe the wealthy families of ruling class in Ancient Rome.
While both free citizens, those of the patrician class received far more privileges than those of
the plebeian class. For example, positions in Roman assemblies, political offices, and in
priesthoods were offered exclusively to patricians. Because the plebeians lacked the same
opportunities as the patricians in Rome, a perenni
perennial
al dichotomy between the two classes was
established, allowing little diffusion between the two sides. In addition, because your position on
either side was determined strictly by the family you were born into, success in one’s lifetime
was largely a matter of luck.
Childhood in patrician families focused greatly on receiving an education. Private tutors
would prepare students for life as a sophisticated noble through teachings of various subjects,
including poetry and literature, history and geography, mythology,
mythology, and public speaking. As they
grew older, their positions in society were practically handed to them in the fields of politics and
religion, allowing them to live relatively charmed lives compared to other inhabitants of Rome
and to pass on their glory to their children.
Snigdha Sama
Michael Tavernia
AP World History, Period 3
Packet: C
Theme 5: Development & Transformation of
Social Structures- Varna
Theme 5 describes gender roles & relations, family & kinship, racial & ethnic
constructions and social & economic classes.
Varna
o Varna includes 4 classes
 Brahmin (priest class)
 Kshatriya (warrior class)
 Vaishya (merchant and farmer class)
 Shudra (servant class)
o These classes are decided by birth and based on their family name. The
class assigned to a person is considered his/her duty to perform.
o The 4 classes are depicted in a myth written in ancient India. In the myth, a
primordial creature called Purusha allowed itself to be sacrificed. From its
mind came the Brahmins, from its arms came the Kshatriyas, from its thighs
came the Vaishyas and from its feet came the Shudras.
Aaron Thaler
AP World History
Period 3
Social - Plebians
In the Roman Empire, there were two main social classes. These included the
Patricians (wealthy elite) and the Plebians. The Plebians were the majority of Roman
population that was not elite. There was a great and powerful conflict between elites
and plebeians, known as the Conflict of the Orders. This was analogous to the Yellow
Turban Revolution in Han China, as the commoners lost in this conflict as well.
However, despite the traditional definition of Plebians, it is still widely used in modern
society. Today, plebian refers to a form of art or culture that is liked by a significant
population, and therefore may not be of the highest class or quality. In addition, when
people refer to others as plebians (or “plebs,” as some more dissolute teenagers say),
this means that the person who is being referred to is a commoner who may be
conforming to the norms of mainstream society.
Coco Zheng
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History pd. 3
Packet C
Untouchables
India's social hierarchy is known as the caste system. The status of
untouchables, or Dalits, is so low that they do not even have a caste. They
do all the dirty work, including digging graves, cleaning up after dead
animals, and manure. These jobs do not provide nearly enough income, so
Dalits are mostly uneducated and live in poverty.
The caste system did not allow people to have inter-caste marriages,
much less have someone of a higher caste marry a Dalit. The caste system
was abolished when India got independence from Britain. Though it is legal
for any two people to marry, "honor killings" still happen sometimes.
Often, stories of a Dalit getting hacked to death for wanting to marry a
higher-class person make the headlines, even though in 2011 the Indian
Supreme Court assigned the death penalty as punishment for those
convicted of honor killings.