Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
1/23/2012 Vikings: Raiders, Traders, Explorers Raiders, Traders and Crusaders: Feudalism, Manorialism, and Chivalry • Germanic people from Scandinavia – called Northmen or Norsemen • Worshiped warlike gods • Raided with terrifying speed – beached their ships, struck, and quickly shoved out to sea • Ships held, at most, 300 warriors – could sail in 3 feet of water, up shallow creeks to loot inland villages and monasteries theoldgiftshop.com Guiding Questions 1.What are the characteristics and contributing factors to the development of the sociopolitical system of feudalism and the economic system of manoralism? 2.How does the literature of chivalry transcend the culture in which it was created and convey universal themes? 3.How does the role of women change during this time period? ruf.rice.edu Invasions Trouble Western Europe Vikings: Raiders, Traders, Explorers • Age of Invasions: 700 to 1000 • Muslims from the south seize Sicily, raid Italy, and sack Rome • Magyar invaders struck from the east • Vikings, the most dreaded, sailed from the north • Remember Charlemagne could not repel further Viking and Magyar invasions • Also traders, farmers, and explorers • Journeyed down rivers into Russia and Constantinople • Leif Ericson – explorer who mostly likely reached North America (AD 1000), almost 500 years before Columbus 1 1/23/2012 Vikings: Raiders, Traders, Explorers • Vikings gradually converted to Christianity and stopped raiding monasteries • The climate also changed (warmed), allowing lands in Scandinavia to be more easily farmed Vikings: The Raiders Socio-political Effects of Invasion • Invasions from Vikings, Magyars, and Muslims caused disorder and suffering throughout Europe • Central authority was proved ineffective • Many people sought protection under local rulers Restructuring Society • Charles the Simple granted the Viking leader Rollo a huge piece of French territory – Normandy • Rollo placed his hands between the king’s hands and swore a pledge of loyalty Beginning of Fedualism Click on the map for an excellent interactive site about Vikings Magyars and Muslims • Magyars – nomads who attacked from the east on horseback – Did not settle conquered lands – Captured people to sell as slaves – Attacked isolated villages and monasteries • Muslims struck from the south and attacked the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts A New Social Order • Other warriors and rulers made agreements similar to Charles and Rollo • Feudalism is a system of governing and landholding • Similar system existed in China during the Zhou dynasty or Japan beginning in the 4th century 2 1/23/2012 The emperor reigned, but did not always rule! Social Stratification • Social classes: 1. those who fought (nobles and knights) 2. those who prayed 3. those who worked Feudal Society • Serfs where peasants who could not lawfully leave the land on which they were born – not slaves because they could not be sold • Free peasants often have rights to land in the open-field system (community field, not the lords field) Feudal Pyramid Code of Bushido * Fidelity * Politeness * Virility * Simplicity Feudalism in Japan Shogun Land - Shoen Land - Shoen Protection Daimyo Samurai Peasant Heian Period: Cultural Borrowing Loyalty 1. Chinese writing. Daimyo Samurai Peasant Peasant Loyalty Samurai Peasant Food 2.Chinese artistic styles. 3.Buddhism [in the form of ZEN]. 4.BUT, not the Chinese civil service system! 3 1/23/2012 Zen Buddhism A Japanese variation of the Mahayana form of Buddhism, which came from India through China. It reinforced the Bushido values of mental and self-discipline. C A S T L E S Ashikaga Age: 1338-1573 Osaka Castle ► Shoguns fought for power. Laws are unclear. Less efficient than the Kamakura. Armies of samurai protected the country. The Age of the Warring States: (1467 - 1568) Castles built on hills in different provinces. Power shifts from above to below. Back to Europe Europeans arrive in Japan bringing firearms & Christianity. Christianity & foreign trade flourish. 4 1/23/2012 Economic Side of Feudalism • Manor: the lord’s estate • Manorial system was based on a set of rights and obligations between lords and serfs • Lords provided housing, strips of land, and protection (fief like field) • Serfs farmed the land, cared for the animals, and maintained the estate Manor: Self-Contained World Harshness of Manor Life • Peasants paid a tax on all grain ground in the lord’s mill – baking bread elsewhere was a crime • Peasants also paid a tax for marriage, which was only allowed with the lord’s consent • Peasant families owed the village priest a tithe, or church tax – 1/10th of their income • Serf’s accepted their reality, believed that God determined a person’s place in society Carcassonne: A Medieval Castle • All peasants owed the lord weekly labor (at least a few days), as well as a portion of their grain • Only a few square miles of land • Consisted of a lord’s house, church, workshops, and a village • About 15 to 30 families lived in the village, which was surrounded by fields, pastures, and forests • Let’s be Inquirers while we analyze the layout Warriors on Horseback • Nobles constantly fought one another • Kept Europe in a fragmented state • Charles Martel, Charlemagne’s grandfather, learned the power of cavalry from observing the Muslims – Muslim civilization in Spain were called the Moors 5 1/23/2012 Warriors on Horseback • Charles Martel organized armored horsemen called knights • Saddles from the Asia and stirrups from India helped the soldier stand up while riding and maneuver heavier weapons • Feudal lords raised their own armies – Their vassals (knights) fought about 40 days per year and were paid in fiefs (land) – While not at war, they wrestled, hunted, and trained for battle Education of Knight 1. Page – Age 7 went off to another lord’s castle – Learned courtly manners – Played chess for strategy and sword fighting for skills • Troubadours: poet-musicians of the castle - Wrote short verses about the joys and sorrows of romantic love How do these themes relate to today’s music? Read The Art of Courtly Love and answer the guided reading questions on the next slide. Guided Reading • What does the writer claim love will do to a man? How might this be? • Why do you think the promotion of monogamous relationships was important? Is it still important today? 2. Squire – Age 14, became a servant to a knight (armor, weapons, horse) 3. Knight – Age 21, became full-fledged knight Literature of Chivalry • Themes downplayed the brutality of feudal knighthood, praised castle life, and spoke a knight’s undying love for a lady • Lords and ladies enjoyed epic poems: battle stories and stories about legends like King Arthur Shifting Role of Women • Church viewed women as inferior to men • Romantic love put women on a pedestal • Women are confined to the home or convent • For centuries, women were mostly powerless • Role was to take care of the home, bear children, and perform endless labor 6 1/23/2012 Women in Power • Noblewomen could inherit an estate from her husband – Lords often passed land down to their sons, not daughters – Could not receive land for fighting, like a knight • With her lord’s permission, she could send knights to battle and mobilize cavalry – Some dressed in armor and rode warhorses – Defended castle alongside soldiers • Status declined as Middle Ages progressed – Church reclaimed convents and monasteries that noblewomen had founded Guiding Questions 3. How does the role of women change during this time period? – Romantic love put women on a pedestal – Noblewomen could inherit an estate from her husband – With her lord’s permission, she could send knights to battle and mobilize cavalry – Status declined as Middle Ages progressed Guiding Questions 1.What are the characteristics and contributing factors to the development of the sociopolitical system of feudalism and the economic system of manoralism? a. Nobles are granted the use of lands that belong to the king in exchange for loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the lands b. Countries become administered by warrior families in exchange for land and titles Guiding Questions 2. How does the literature of chivalry transcend the culture in which it was created and convey universal themes? • Multiple answers. 7