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World War I: 1914-1919
Nicknames
The Great War
The war to end all wars!
World War I
Trenches 2015
Four MAIN Causes of WWI
• Militarism: An aggressive and massive
preparation for war while building nation’s
armies
• Alliances: European nations form
partnerships or friends to protect and help
• Imperialism: Trying to colonize, building an
empires, keep power
• Nationalism: Having pride, loyalty and
devotion to your country
European History
• Eastern Roman Empire (400 AD-1400 AD) ended
when the Muslim Ottoman Empire took control of
Byzantium, now called Istanbul (Turkey).
• Ottomans controlled the South-Eastern European
area (Balkins) as well. As the Balkins pressed for
independence grew by the 1900s, so did tensions
with the new empires of Germany (1871) and
Italy (1875).
Ottoman Empire 1400 AD-1924
Austro-Hungary
• 1867-1918
• Austria-Hungary consisted of two monarchies
(Austria and Hungary), and one autonomous
region: Croatia–Slavonia under the Hungarian
crown
• Emperor Franz Joseph (assassination attempt
1911)
• Archduke Franz Ferdinand was next in line to be
the emperor of Austro-Hungarian Empire
Austro-Hungary Empire
Black Hand Gang
Unity or death!
A secret military society formed on 9 May 1911 by
officers in the Army of the Kingdom of Serbia,
originating in the conspiracy group that assassinated
the Serbian royal couple (1903).
• Gavrilo Princip and five Serb nationalists formed the
Serb group Mlada Bosna (Young Bosnia) and agreed
to the plot, and were trained by the Black Gang.
• Belief: the plot would result in war between Austria
and Serbia, and had every reason to expect that
Russia would side with Serbia. They did not plan on
a World War!
Spark of WWI: Assassination
• June 28, 1914
• Archduke Franz Ferdinand
of Austro-Hungary and wife
Sophia were killed by
Gavrilo Princip.
• July 23rd Ultimatum: the
Serbian government would
have to accept an AustroHungarian inquiry into the
assassination
• Serbia held their own trial
Gavrilo Princip, age 19 was sentenced
to 20 years (too young for death
penalty) in prison
October 1914
During his trial he stated:
"I am a Yugoslav
nationalist, aiming for
the unification of all
Yugoslavs, and I do not
care what form of state,
but it must be freed from
Austria.”
Winston Churchill
• Winston Churchill famously wrote:
“This note, was clearly an
ultimatum, but it was an ultimatum
such as had never been penned in
modern times. As the reading
proceeded it seemed absolutely
impossible that any State in the
world could accept it, or that any
acceptance, however abject, would
satisfy the aggressor.”
Mobilization in Serbia
• Mobilization: The process by which the
Armed Forces or part of them are brought to
a state of readiness for war or other national
emergency. Send military troops and
weapons to the borders of your country.
• Serbian Prime Minister Nicola Pasic ordered
the Serbian army to mobilize during the
ultimatum.
Mobilization
• In 1914, countries
mobilized armies at
borders in Europe
which was an act
of war!
Start of WWI
• War declared by main countries: Germany,
Austro-Hungary and Italy against France,
Britain, Russia. Many countries would join as
the war continued.
• Triple Entente: France, Great Britain, and
Russia
• Triple Alliance: Germany, Austro-Hungary, and
Italy
Alliance System
Review Start of WWI
• Italy would switch and joined the Allies in 1915
after they attacked Austria–Hungary which
betrayed Germany
• 1915 Allies (Triple Entente): Britain, France,
Russia, USA (1917), Italy (1915), Australia, Japan,
Greece, Serbia, Romania, and many more
countries
• 1915 Central Powers (Triple Alliance): Germany,
Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria
• Neutral: Swiss, Belgium, Spain,…
Conscription
• The government
drafted men for
obligated military
service
• English Lord Kitchner
called for 100,000 men
to join the British Army
in 1914
• That’s just the
beginning!
Top WWI Leaders
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Central Powers
Germany: Kaiser Wilhelm II
Austro-Hungary : Francis Joseph I
Ottoman Empire:
Allied Powers
France: Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau
Great Britain: Prime Minister David Lloyd George, King
George V
Italy: Premier Vittorio Orlando
US: President Woodrow Wilson
Russia: Czar Nicholas II
Japan:Okuma Shigenobu
Total War
• Total War means
complete
mobilization and
production of a
nation’s resources
and people
• Produce war goods
• Mobilize/train men
• Country produces for
war industries
Tools of War
Air Power
Air Battles
New Technology
Germany Attacks First: War Begins
• Schlieffen Plan: Germany
attacked France through
Belgium quickly then
head east to attack the
Russia (Two-front war)
• August 4, 1914 Germany
attacked Belgium with
700,000 soldiers
(38 divisions)
• Problem: Not flexible
German General Erich von Ludendorff
• Guided German military
through WWI
• Worked with General
Alfred Schlieffen on the
plan that would end in
stalemate
• Favored unrestricted
submarine warfare
• Did not like left-wing
peaceful Germans
Fronts: Battlefields
Western Front
• Germans attack France
and Britain
Eastern Front
• Germans attack Russia
First Battle of Marne
• September 9, 1914
• After Germany took most of Belgium
• Allied forces stopped German advance and
saved Paris from German occupation!
First Battle of Ypres
Ypres, Belgium
Britain against Germany
October-November 1914
German Offensive Goal: Control the
fortifications guarding the ports of the English
Channel and access to the North Sea beyond.
• Stalemate: start of trench warfare!
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• WWI was characterized
by miles of trenches
“trench warfare.”
Trenches ran along the
French-German Border.
Thus creating a
stalemate (neither side
winning) for about four
years
• West of Germany
Western Front
Trench Warfare
• War of Attrition- wear
down each side through
constant attacks,
bombing, destruction &
death
• Hundreds of miles of
trenches across the
Western Front
• Miserable conditions,
death, decay, stench, cold,
low food & hygiene no
sanitation, lice, rats…
No Man’s Land
• The battlefield between sides was called “no
man’s land” as it was a death trap.
Second Battle of Ypres
• April 22-May 25, 1915
• Ypres, Belgium
• It was the first mass use poison chlorine gas by
the Germans
• Canadians beat up the Germans
Battle of Verdun 1916
• Verdun, France
• Over 700,000 men died: France
lost about 400,000 men and
the Germans lost about
300,000 after 10 months of
battle
• Longest battle in WWI
Battle of the Somme 1916
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Somme River, France
July-November 1916
Allied offensive: French & British
First use of a tank in warfare
One of largest & bloodiest battles in history
Over 700,000 casualties: Allies
Over 500,000 casualties Germans
Allies advanced 6 miles!
Hindenburg Line
• Siegfriedstellung
• Construction began 1916
• Defensive position in Germany created after
Battle‘s of Verdun & Somme
• Germany worried about the war
Hindenburg Line (German Defenses)
World War I Around The Globe
Gallipoli
Battle of Gallipoli
• Gallipoli, Turkey
• April-December 1915
• Failed attempt and disaster for the British and
Anzacs (Australian and New Zealanders) to
control the Ottoman Empire.
Arabia
• Allies in the Middle East
• British T.E. Laurence of
Arabia unites Arabs to
fight off Germany’s
friend, the Ottoman
Empire from Turkey
Stalemate 1916-1917
• Many battles between
the British, French and
other allied forces
against the Germans,
Austro-Hungarians and
Ottomans
• Neither side winning
much land; a few feet
of land each month
• Russia backs out in
1917 and signs peace
treaty with Germans
Russia Backs Out!
• Russia created an armistice with Germany in
December 1917.
• By March 1918, The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
was signed with Lenin who sent Leon Trotsky.
• Germany and Russia at peace now.
• Russia’s involvement in WWI was a primary
factor in the Soviet Marxist revolution in
Russia in 1917.
Russian Revolution of 1917
• End of Czar Rule (END OF MONARCHY)
• Czar Nicholas II is forced to give up MONARCHY power and
the new Russian government was more democratic.
• Americans supported democratic nations.
• Vladimir Ilyich Lenin first leader
• Bolsheviks: Strong supporters of Lenin and
Communism
• Russia now called Union of Soviet Socialist Republic
(USSR)
• Communism or Reds: government controls banks and
industry
Russian Revolution 1917
Soviet Union
• Chefa or secret police created a
red terror campaign to destroy
those who oppose communists
• Grigori Rasputin “MAD MONK”
Advisor to Czar Nicholas II. After
the Communist takeover, he
helped the Soviets as Head of
the Soviet Petrograd military
Russian Planned Economies
• The government agencies
directing systems for
mobilizing resources for
the war
• Soviet Union planned
their economies
throughout the 20th
Century
• Command Economies:
Government selects what
to produce
Socialism & the Red Scare
• During WWI, Vladimir Lenin & the Bolsheviks
overthrew the czarist regime of Russia & established
the first communist nation, the USSR.
• What is Communism? An economic & political system
based on a single-party a dictatorship that strives for
equality for all citizens. To equalize wealth,
Communists seize private property & the government
assumes ownership of factories, railroads, and
businesses.
• Waving their symbolic red flag, Communists hoped to
inspire a worldwide revolution. Americans became
swept in a “Red Scare.” Americans fearing the spread
of communism in America
Socialism & the Red Scare
Socialism & the Red Scare
• The Socialist Party of America formed in 1901 by
Eugene Debs. By the First World War, the Debs had
grown the Socialist Party to over 70,000 members
– Debs was strongly against U.S. involvement in WWI
& published a newsletter encouraging Americans
to resist fighting in a “capitalists’ war”
– Debs was convicted to a 10-year prison sentence
for violating the Espionage & Sedition Acts by
speaking out against the war & the draft
– As a result of the highly nationalistic climate of
America during the war, Socialism was seen as unAmerican & the party never recovered
Socialism & the Red Scare
Espionage Act 1917
• The 1917 act set penalties of up to $10,000
and twenty years in prison for those who gave
aid to the enemy, incited insubordination,
disloyal, or refusal of military duty in the U.S.
• Also, those who circulated false reports and
statements with intent to interfere with the
war effort!
Sedition Act 1918
• Extension of Espionage Act
• Incriminate Americans who obstructed the
war effort including stopping sales of liberty
bonds, advocated cutbacks in war production,
wrote, painted disloyal profane statements
about the U.S. government, military, or
outright criticized the government and
policies!
Civil Liberties During WWI
• President Wilson warned that WWI would require a
redefinition of national loyalty, claiming "millions of
[Germans] with native sympathies live amongst us.“
• Espionage and Sedition Acts
– Under these laws, a person could be fined up to
$10,000 and jailed up to 20 years for interfering
with or saying anything disloyal about the war
effort. These laws clearly violated the First
Amendment, guaranteeing freedom of speech.
– Over 2,000 people were prosecuted, including
newspaper editors, Socialists, anarchists, union
leaders, & citizens who protested the draft
Charles Schenck
• During WWI, the Supreme Court heard the case
Schenck v US (1919) regarding free speech:
– Charles Schenck, a Socialist, handed out anti-war
leaflets that told Americans not to fight in WWI if
they were drafted
– Schenck was jailed under the Espionage & Sedition
Acts, but he argued that his conviction violated his
1st Amendment right to free speech
– The Supreme Court ruled unanimously that under
wartime conditions, his actions presented a “clear
and present danger” to the U.S. and that his free
speech was not protected
Schenck v U.S. 1919
• After the war
• The Supreme Court upheld the wartime
Espionage and Sedition Acts as constitutional
• Justice Oliver Wendall Holmes’s opinion set a
precedent for “clear and present danger”
• Critics of the draft were not protected by the
1st Amendment because it created a clear and
present danger to the enlistment and
recruiting service of the U.S. Armed Forces
during a state of war!
“Clear and Present Danger”
“ Protection of free speech
would not protect a man
in falsely shouting ‘Fire!’ in
a theatre and causing a
panic”
—Supreme Court Justice
Oliver Wendell Holmes
in the case Schenck v US
(1919)
Civil Liberties
• During World War I, nativism & strong antiGerman feelings grew:
– German-Americans were called “Huns,” lost
their jobs, changed their names
– Orchestras refused to play Mozart, Bach, &
Beethoven; Schools stopped teaching German;
Sauerkraut was renamed “liberty cabbage”;
Saloons stopped offering pretzels
– Vigilante groups attacked anyone suspected of
being unpatriotic; In April 1918, German-born
baker Robert Prager was lynched in Illinois; A
jury found the defendants not guilty
Civil Liberties
“I remember when they smashed
out store windows at Uniontown
that said Kraut on it. Nobody would
eat Kraut. I remember even the
great Williamson store, he went in
and gathered up everything that
was made in Germany, and had a
big bonfire out in the middle of the
street.”
—Lola Gamble Clyde on Anti-German
Sentiment in Idaho during World War
United States in WWI
Election of 1912
• Democrat Woodrow
Wilson is elected
President of the US.
• Beat Roosevelt and Taft
• New Freedom: Tariff
reductions, bank reform
and stronger antitrust
laws.
United States
• However, U.S. tied
culturally, politically,
commercially (trade)
with Britain
• U.S. President Wilson
• Secretly, the U.S. sent
• 1914-1920
war
goods
to
Britain
• Declared that the U.S.
before
becoming
would remain Neutral!
involved in 1917
• Germans knew!
Foreign policy
• Isolationism: Let America worry about
domestic issues and let the world handle it’s
own problems; leave the U.S. alone.
• Wilson kept this policy up while at the same
time, envision a new world with less weapons
and free trade.
America Behind Militarily
• America had been watching Europe at war
and not preparing for entering one day.
• The military was old and needed upgraded
new war machines
• Some equipment was loaned by the forces in
Europe like aircraft from the French
• Our military suppliers would catch up soon
Election of 1916
• Woodrow Wilson wins again!
• Assured America that he would
not get involved in WWI.
• January 1917 “Peace without
Victory” solution to Allied and
Central powers. Basically, don’t
declare a winner and end the
war!
• February 1917 Germany began
unrestricted submarine warfare
again.
• Wilson broke ties with Germany
Convoys
• War supplies were shipped from American
companies via sea routes
Submarines
• Germans held
unrestricted
submarine warfare
which meant no
restrictions on sinking
ships. Any ships
• Germans sank all Allied
ships (military & cargo)
going to Europe from
America
British
Protected
Convoys
• In response to the damage wrought on Allied shipping by the German
campaign of 'unrestricted submarine warfare', the Royal Navy introduced
a convoy system in June 1917. As this photograph illustrates, it worked by
providing escort vessels for individual ships. These escorts not only
guarded against surface gunfire attacks, but also dropped depth charges in
areas where German 'U-boats' were known to operate. The convoy system
resulted in a rapid decrease in German attacks on Allied shipping during
the last 17 months of the war.
Catalogue reference: AIR 1/419/15/245/1 (16 Aug 1918)
Submarines!
1. Renewed
Unrestricted
Submarine warfare
• Germans sink any
allied ships heading
towards England
and allies
Lusitania &
Sussex
• 2. 1915 – British passenger ship HMS Lusitania
sank – Held 1,900 people. 1200 people died and
128 were Americans (military cargo on board)
• 3. 1916 – French passenger ship Sussex sank by
German torpedo killing 80 people
• Germany issued Sussex Pledge:
• No passenger ships will be torpedoed without warning
• Merchant ships not targeted unless had weapons
• Ships torpedoed would help rescue passengers
Zimmerman Note
4. German Telegram •
• January 16, 1917
• German Chancellor
Arthur Zimmerman sent
telegram to German
Ambassador Eckardt in
Mexico.
• Telegram proposing an
alliance between
Germany and Mexico.
• Promised Mexico lost
territory (NM, TX, AZ).
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Germany hoped war in
North America would keep
US out of war in Europe.
British intelligence
intercepted message and
sent message to US.
American newspapers
printed the telegram
Germany started
unrestricted submarine
warfare again 1917
Germany thought US would
break neutrality
Zimmerman Telegram
• Also the Gadsden
• The telegram instructed that if
Purchase, specifically
the U.S. appeared likely to enter
the American states
the war, he was to approach the
of Texas, New Mexico,
Mexican Government with a
and Arizona
proposal for military alliance.
• He was to offer Mexico material • Eckardt was also
instructed to urge
aid in the reclamation of territory
Mexico to help broker
lost during the Mexicanan alliance between
American War (the Southeastern
Germany and the
section of the area of the
Japanese Empire.
Mexican Cession of 1848).
OVER THERE! The Yanks
Are Coming!
• On April 6, 1917, The U.S. declared war on
Germany after President Wilson asked
Congress to help make the world “safe for
democracy.”
U.S. ENTERS WWI April 6, 1917
• Doughboys
go to fight
the Huns!
• US Army
• US Navy
• US Marines
US Builds Military
• 1917: US had only
300,000 men in the army
and national guard
• doughboys
Selective Service Act
• May 18, 1917
• U.S. Congress passed a law
requiring all men ages 21-30 to
register to be drafted into the
armed forces
• Some Americans were classified
as conscientious objectors or
Quakers and did not fight
24,000,000 men registered
for the draft by the end of
1918.
4,800,000 total U.S. men
served in WW1 (2,000,000
saw active combat).
400,000 African-Americans
served in segregated units.
About 42,000 served in
combat!
15,000 Native-Americans
served as scouts, messengers,
and snipers in non-segregated
units.
U.S. Draft
Segregation of US Troops
• 42,000 African Americans
were classified as combat
troops
• Complete segregation,
many fought with French
Troops
• 369th Infantry or Harlem’s
Hell Fighters
War Bonds
• William McAdoo, Secretary of Treasury had
the idea for the government to sell liberty
bonds
• People bought bonds from the government
and earned interest
• The government could use the money for war
production
• Over $20 million raised in WWI
U.S. Government Expansion
Fuel Administration –Food and Fuel Control Act:
rationed coal, oil, Meatless Mondays &
encouraged “lightless nights” and increased
production for the war
Railroad Administration – The U.S. Government
took control of the private railroads until after
the war
National War Labor Board – Government
helped control the labor, and relations in the
U.S.
W. H. Taft & Frank P. Walsh
U.S. Government Expansion
• To mobilize the military, President
Wilson & Congress created:
–War Industries Board Bernard
Baruch overseen the production
of military supplies; Encouraged
mass-production & set
production quotas
–Food Administration Herbert
Hoover created food rations &
encouraged Americans to grow
“victory gardens”
War Industries
Board
U.S. Food Administration
U.S. Fuel Administration
Committee on Public Information
–Created propaganda in support of
the American war effort
–The CPI created posters, movies,
speeches & censored the press
–The CPI helped encourage bond
drives to raise money for the war
Propaganda
The Committee of Public
Information
George Creel
America’s “Propaganda
Minister”
Anti-German
Influence people
Selling American Culture.
Propaganda
• Used to spread ideas to
influence people and
unite them against an
action
• Allied forces used to
get into the war and
raise troops
CPI Propaganda: Bond Drives
Jeanette Rankin
• The first Congress woman in the United
States, elected in Montana in 1916 and again
in 1940. After being elected in 1916 she said,
"I may be the first woman member of
Congress but I won’t be the last."
• A lifelong pacifist, she was one of fifty
members of Congress who voted against
entry into World War I in 1917, and the only
member of Congress who voted against
declaring war on Japan after the attack on
Pearl Harbor in 1941.[
Duty v Responsibility
• Duty: things you must do
• Responsibility: Things you should do.
• Both ideas were very present when the war
started. Many Americans bought into the idea
that they had to help the British and French
against the Central powers.
American Expeditionary Brigade AEF
• General John Blackjack Pershing commander
of U.S. forces in Europe
• Veteran/hero of Spanish-American War 1898
Battle of Cantigny
• France
• The Battle of Cantigny, fought 28–31 May 1918
was the first American battle and offensive of
World War I. The U.S. 1st Division, the most
experienced of the five American divisions then in
France and in reserve for the French Army near
the village of Cantigny, was selected for the
attack.
• Build confidence among British and French about
U.S. forces in France
• Allied victory
Battle of Chateau Thierry
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June 1918
Americans seen the first large-scale
Turned back a German offensive
Also included Battle of Belleau Wood
Allied victory!
Battle of Belleau
Wood
• June 6-26th, 1918
Battle of Belleau Wood Spring 1918
• June 6-26th 1918
• Battle near Paris, France
• Britain, France and US
Marines held off German’s
Spring Offensive
• Battle turned over 6 times,
and allies won!
Battle of Belleau Woods
• The first battle where the AEF experienced the
heavy casualties associated with the Great
War; the embodiment of U.S. Marine Corps
determination and dedication; and a signal to
both allies and adversaries that America was
on the Western Front to fight.
• Germans called Marines Teufel Hunden “Devil
Dogs”
Second Battle of Marne, France
• July 15-August 6, 1918
• French and American forces against
Germans at Marne River
• The battle marked the turning of the
tide in World War I. It began with
the last German offensive of the
conflict and was quickly followed by
the first allied offensive victory of
1918
• Several hundred tanks used
Battle of Saint Mihiel
• September 12-15, 1918
• 48,000 French and
550,000 US soldiers
against 400,000
Germans
• US attacked Germans
• Well-planned Allied
victory using tanks and
aircraft to support
troops
Battle of Meuse Argonne Offensive
• September 26th-November
11, 1918
• US and French soldiers
battled Germans
• Largest battle with most of
US deaths
• Allied victory
• Corporal Alvin York MOH
• Took out 32 machine guns,
killing 20 German soldiers,
and capturing 132 others
Pacifist Cpl. Alvin York
• And those machine guns were spitting fire and
cutting down the undergrowth all around me
something awful. And the Germans were yelling
orders. You never heard such a racket in all of your
life. I didn't have time to dodge behind a tree or
dive into the brush... As soon as the machine guns
opened fire on me, I began to exchange shots with
them. There were over thirty of them in continuous
action, and all I could do was touch the Germans
off just as fast as I could. I was sharp shooting... All
the time I kept yelling at them to come down. I
didn't want to kill any more than I had to. But it
was they or I. And I was giving them the best I had.
German Future Leaders or Generals of WWII
• Adolf Hitler: A Lance
•
Corporal in the German
Army in 1917; he would
lead Germany by 1933 with
his NAZI Party and start
WWII in Europe in 1939.
He will lose!
Erwin Rommel was a
captain in the German Army
during WWI. He fought in
several battles and would
lead the German Army in
Africa and Europe in WWII.
Germany and Japan Future Leaders or Generals of
WWII
• Hermann Goering -Would
become an ace shooting
down 22 Allied planes
• He would serve Hitler in
WWII and take charge of
the German Air Force
Luftwaffe
• Isoroku Yamamoto would lose
two fingers in the Japan-Russo
war in 1905. By 1914, he would
patrol the Pacific and help Allies
find German ships in WWI. He
would lead the Japanese Navy in
WWII and plan the Attack on Pearl
Harbor in 1941.
U.S. Future Leaders or Generals of WWII
• Dwight D. Eisenhower would train
• George Patton would
tank men as well.
lead the first tank units • He did not fight in WWI though.
in WWI France in 1918. • He would later lead all Allied forces in
Later he would be in
Europe including French and English
Armies
charge of the US Army
in Europe.
• Also, he would become President of
the US in 1952 & 1956.
U.S. Future Leaders or Generals of WWII
• Douglas Macarthur
served and fought in
France in 1918.
• Won seven awards for
bravery
• Promoted to brigadier
General at age 38 in 1918.
• Later would serve as
Pacific Commander of
Allied forces in WWII
1941-1945.
• Serve as Commander of
Allies in Korean War 1950
The End of World War I
• The arrival of fresh American soldiers
& war supplies helped the Allies at a
crucial time:
–By October 1918, the German gov’t
knew the war was over
–The Ottomans, Austria-Hungary, &
Bulgaria had surrendered
Germans Surrendered
• November 11, 1918, at
11:00am, the war was
over.
• “Armistice Day” we
now call Veteran’s day
in America
• The world thought that
this was “the war to
end all wars!”
END OF WWI
Paris Peace Conference 1919
• Wilson traveled to the Paris Peace
Conference in 1919 to help create the Treaty
of Versailles:
–He hoped his Fourteen Points would
become the framework for the peace
treaty
–But, Wilson quickly learned that European
leaders did not share his vision for a “peace
without victory” & wanted Germany to be
punished
Wilson Traveled to France 1919
• President Woodrow Wilson departs Washington,
D.C., on the first European trip by a U.S. president.
After nine days at sea aboard the S.S. George
Washington, Wilson arrived at Brest, France.
French Premier
British Prime Minister
George Clemenceau
Paris
1919
David
LloydPeace
GeorgeConference
“The Big Four”
Italian Prime Minister
Vittorio Orlando
U.S. President
Woodrow Wilson
Big Four Leaders
Big Four decide Germany’s fate
• France wanted better
national security
(protection)
• France wanted reparations
(payback of money & land)
and revenge
• Great Britain wanted to
punish Germany for the
war costs but not destroy
their economy; that could
create more future
problems
• Italy wanted reparations
for France and Britain and
not have war again
Treaty of Versailles 1919 part 1
• Germany not invited to peace conference
• War Guilt Clause, Article 231: Germany accept
blame for war
• German Navy cut down to 6 battleships and no
submarines!
• German Army cut to 100,000 men
Treaty of Versailles 1919 part 2
• Germany must return Alsace and Lorraine to
France
• Pay $33 billion U.S. dollars in war reparations
(payments for damages caused from war)
between 1920-1931 (Germany only paid $20
billion)
• Give up land to Poland and Austria can’t join
Germany
• Austria-Hungary split in two, Czechoslovakia,
Yugoslavia, and Poland created!
President Woodrow Wilson’s
Plan
• President Woodrow Wilson
believed that America ought
to take a lead in shaping the
peace process and create a new world order
• Near the end of the war,
President Wilson developed his peace plan
known as the Fourteen Points:
–Based on eliminating the reasons for WWI
(militarism, imperialism)
–Hoped to avoid all future wars by creating
an international forum to discuss &
arbitrate problems
Fourteen Points
• 1. Public diplomatic negotiations and an end to
secret treaties
• 2. Freedom of navigation at sea
• 3. Free trade among nations
• 4. Reduction of armaments to the level needed
for domestic safety
• 5. Fair resolution of colonial claims that arose
because of the war
• 14. Creation of a League of Nations
Self-Determination
■ Countries should be allowed to
determine their own lives/governments
■ Divide weak empires like Austria-Hungary
& the Ottoman Empire into new nations
based on national “self-determination”
–New nations should have their borders
drawn with consideration to ethnic &
national identities
–New nations should be free to choose
their own governments
League of Nations
–General Assembly of 27 nations with an
Executive Council
–Court of International Justice
–Agreement that arbitration & economic
sanctions would be used to settle conflicts
–An agreement that member nations would
work together to stop future acts of
aggression
–League of Nations: An assembly to settle
disputes peacefully in a world; problem:
no military to enforce agreements
But, President Wilson could not sign the treaty
becauseTreaty
Article Iof
of Versailles
the Constitution
gives
the
1919
Senate the power to ratify all treaties
But, many U.S. Senators did not like the
treaty because of the League of Nations
The Treaty of Versailles, 1919
• All the major European powers signed the
Treaty of Versailles & joined the League of
Nations
• But, the
Senate was
divided
about what
joining the
League would
mean for the
future of the
United States
Senator Henry Cabot Lodge
Opposed the League of Nations.
Republicans controlled Congress
Senate Majority Leader
He is best known for his positions
on foreign policy, especially his
battle with President Woodrow
Wilson in 1919 over the Treaty of
Versailles.
• Lodge demanded Congressional
control of declarations of war;
Wilson refused and the United
States Senate never ratified the
Treaty nor joined the League of
Nations.
•
•
•
•
Divided Senate on Wilson’s 14 Points
■ 2/3 of the Senate was needed to ratify the
treaty & join the League:
–Internationalists supported Wilson &
saw the League was a way to guarantee
world peace in the future
–Strong reservationists led by Henry
Cabot Lodge wanted major changes to
Article 10
–Irreconcilables led by William Borah
wanted to maintain U.S. isolationism
Treaty Rejected in the Senate!
• Reservationists & Irreconcilables attacked
the treaty & League:
–Wilson did not want to weaken the
League of Nations & refused to
compromise with the Senate
–Wilson toured the U.S. to gain public
support for the treaty, but had a stroke
during the tour
• In 1920, the Senate voted against the
treaty & U.S. membership in the League of
Nations
Members of the League of Nations (in black)
The U.S. never joined the League & signed its own
peace treaty with Germany in 1921
Aftermath
Casualties of World War I
Country
Men mobilised
Killed
Wounded
POW’s + missing
Total casualties
casualties in % of
men
mobilised
Russia
12 million
1.7mill
4.9mill
2.5mill
9.15mill
76.3
France
8.4 mill
1.3mill
4.2mill
537,000
6.1mill
73.3
GB + Empire
8.9mill
908,000
2mill
191,000
3.1mill
35.8
Italy
5.5mill
650,000
947,000
600,000
2.1mill
39
USA
4.3mill
126,000
234,000
4,500
350,000
8
Japan
800,000
300
900
3
1210
0.2
Romania
750,000
335,000
120,000
80,000
535,000
71
Serbia
700,000
45,000
133,000
153,000
331,000
47
Belgium
267,000
13,800
45,000
34,500
93,000
35
Greece
230,000
5000
21,000
1000
27,000
12
Portugal
100,000
7222
13,700
12,000
33,000
33
Total Allies
42million
5 million
13million
4 million
22million
52%
Germany
11million
1.7million
4.2million
1.1million
7.1million
65
Austria
7.8million
1.2million
3.6million
2.2million
7 million
90
Turkey
2.8million
325,000
400,000
250,000
975,000
34
Bulgaria
1.2million
87,000
152,000
27,000
266,000
22
Total
Central Powers
22.8mill
3.3million
8.3million
3.6million
15 million
67
Grand Total
65 million
8.5mill
21million
7.7mill
37million
57%
The Impact of WWI on the USA
• After 3 years of neutrality, the USA
reluctantly entered WWI & played only a
supportive role in the fighting
–The American effort was far less than
that of other Allied nations
–America fought for only 8 months (not 4
years), had 7% casualties (not 52% like
most Allied Powers)
–But, the American commitment to
“total war” had a huge impact on the
U.S. home front
Women During WWI
• Men went off to war, and women went to work in
their place:
– Women took jobs that were usually reserved for
men, becoming railroad workers, coal miners,
cooks, bricklayers, shipbuilders, & dockworkers.
– At the same time, women continued to fill more
traditional jobs as nurses, clerks, and teachers.
– Women worked with the Food Administration &
planted “Victory Gardens” so that more farm
crops could be diverted to soldiers in Europe.
Women During WWI
• The army did not allow women to enlist as
soldiers, but for the first time, the army did allow
women to serve in noncombat roles.
• Approximately 25,000 U.S. women served in the
U.S. Army as nurses, telephone operators, typists,
& ambulance drivers.
• Many women worked as volunteers at Red Cross
facilities or by encouraging the sale of war bonds.
Women During WWI:
Women During WWI
• President Wilson acknowledged the role women
played in WWI: “The services of women during the
supreme crisis have been of the most signal
usefulness and distinction; it is high time that part of
our debt should be acknowledged.”
– While women were not paid the same as men, it
helped build public support for woman suffrage.
– In 1919, Congress passed the 19th Amendment,
granting women the right to vote. In 1920 the
amendment was ratified by the states.
Women During WWI
African-Americans in WWI
• WWI accelerated the Great Migration, the largescale movement of hundreds of thousands of
Southern blacks to cities in the North:
– Many African Americans sought to escape
racial discrimination in the Jim Crow South.
– In the North, there were more job
opportunities for African Americans in steel
mills, munitions plants, and stockyards.
– Northern manufacturers sent recruiting agents
to distribute free railroad passes through the
South to bring blacks into cities such as
Chicago, New York, and Philadelphia.
African Americans in WWI
African Americans in WWI
• During WWI, the U.S. military was segregated:
– 367,710 African Americans were drafted, but only
10% served in combat duty. Most blacks worked in
Army Services of Supplies (SOS) units.
– The 40,000 black soldiers who saw combat were
part of the all-black 92nd or 93rd combat divisions.
– When allowed to fight, they did so with honor.
Several units fought Germans alongside French
soldiers and 171 black soldiers were awarded the
French Legion of Honor; By 1917, over 600 blacks
were commissioned as officers in the U.S. Army.
African-Americans in WWI
• African Americans who moved into the North
faced discrimination & violent race riots:
– In 1917, a race riot exploded in Illinois when
white workers attacked blacks when AfricanAmericans were hired as strikebreakers at a
munitions plant; , 40 blacks and 9 whites died.
– Another riot erupted in Chicago in 1919 after
whites drowned an African American boy who
swam at a white beach. African Americans
retaliated, and several riots broke out in the
city. Order was restored after several days of
violence that involved about 10,000 people.
African-Americans in WWI
The American Economy
• World War I stimulated the U.S. economy & increased
the American standard of living:
– War-time production increased hourly wages by
20% in some industries; The average household
income nearly doubled from 1916 to 1919
– The U.S. commitment to total war meant that
consumer goods Americans had to buy were not as
available & were expensive during WWI
• In the decade that followed WWI, Americans had more
money to spend & a desire for goods they could not
buy during the war. As a result, the 1920s were known
as the “Roaring Twenties”
American
Economy
The American Economy
• The United States emerged from World War I as
the wealthiest nation in the world:
– With the War Industries Board directing the
economy & setting production quotas to meet
the demand for military supplies, American
businesses saw 300% increase in their profits
– Before the war, the United States owed
$3 billion to foreign nations; At the end of the
war, foreign nations owed the U.S. $13 billion
– Throughout the 1920s, the United States
provided to loans to European nations to help
the region rebuild after World War I
The American Economy
• U.S. Gross Domestic Product (GDP), 1914-1920
GDP is an indicator of economic health because it is
the value of all goods and services made in the USA
Annual GDP
1914
$36.5
1915
$38.7
1916
$49.6
1917
1918
1919
1920
$59.7
$75.8
$78.3
$88.4
The American Economy
• When World War I came to an end, Americans
were ready for a “return to normalcy” & elected
Republican President Warren Harding:
– In the 1920s, America’s increased wealth led
to a decade of consumer spending known as
the “Roaring Twenties”
– After the prohibition (1919) & women’s
suffrage (1920) amendments were ratified,
there were no more progressive reforms;
Historians argue that WWI killed American
desires to reform & stimulated desires to
spend
The American Economy
“America’s present
need is not heroics,
but healing;
not nostrums, but
normalcy”
—President Warren
Harding, campaign
speech in 1920
Ernest Hemingway
• A Farewell to Arms 1929 novel
• First American Best Seller
• American Ex-patriot in love with
Scottish Girl
• Bleak and dark novel
• Based on Hemingway’s army
service as an ambulance driver
serving in Italy
All Quite on the Western Front
Erich Maria Remarque
Published in 1929, movie 1930
Antiwar book written after the war
German Veteran
Same experiences felt by all sides that war
was a waste of good men
• Be careful about falling for duty, nationalism,
pride, and glory of war
•
•
•
•
•
In Flanders’ Fields
• John McCrae
• Doctor wrote a poem about how bad the war
was
• Doctor
• Died during the war
• Used imagery through his writing to reveal a
point about war
Aftermath and Treaty
• The world was transformed by WWI:
–22 million soldiers & civilians had died;
20 million were wounded;
10 million became refugees
–Towns & farms along the Western &
Eastern Fronts were destroyed
–The war cost an estimated
$338 billion & massive funds were
needed to rebuild Europe
STOP