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Study Guide Due: Date of DOK: A day: __________________ A day: __________________ B day: __________________ B day: __________________ 1. Use the chart below to compare and contrast the ideas of four early astronomers. a. First, briefly describe each theory. b. Next, for each theory, list the two key astronomers that agreed on that theory. Description Geocentric Theory The Earth is the center of our universe and the solar system. Heliocentric Theory The Sun is the center of our universe and the solar system. Astronomers who believed in this theory 1. Aristotle 2. Ptolemy 1. Copernicus 2. Galileo 2. Take a look at your history of space exploration timeline. a. What do you notice? b. What are some ways space exploration has changed over time? c. What is different about how we explore space now compared to how space was explored in the past? d. Use the above questions to help you form one answer about how space exploration has changed over time: __Space exploration has changed drastically over time. Scientists started out using observations (their eyes) to look into space, but with the development of the telescope and other technology, we have been able to explore further into space. 3. Why do all of the planets orbit around the Sun? _ The Sun’s gravity holds all of the planets in orbit around it. 4. Define an astronomical unit: __An Astronomical unit (AU) is the average distance between the Earth and the Sun._________________________________________________________________ 5. 1 AU = _____150 million___________ kilometers 6. Fill in the following chart with the missing information. Planet Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Our 8 Planets (Plus One Dwarf Planet) Distance from Mnemonic Device One Identifying Characteristic the Sun (in AU) Rocky, closest to the Sun, no My 0.4 AU atmosphere Rocky, rotates backwards, hottest Very 0.7 AU planet Excellent 1.0 AU Rocky, 70% covered in water, life Mother 1.5 AU Rocky, Surface contains rust and iron Gas Giant, largest planet, great red Just 5.2 AU spot (continuous storm) Gas Giant, Rings are made of ice and Served 9.5 AU rock, over 60 moons Gas Giant, Blue color because of Us 19.2 AU methane gas, spins on its plane of orbit Gas Giant, Bluish-Green color because Nachos 30.6 AU of methane gas Pluto (Don’t forget, Pluto is still out there past Neptune, it’s just now considered a Dwarf Planet!) 39.5 AU Dwarf Planet 7. What is one major difference between a planet and a dwarf planet? ___________________________ _Dwarf planets can NOT move other objects, such as asteroids, away from its orbital neighborhood._________________________________________________________________________ _______ 8. List two characteristics for planet Earth that makes Earth different from any other planet: a. ________Earth has an atmosphere that makes it suitable for life_ b. _____Earth’s surface is 70% covered by water and Earth has all 3 phases (solid, liquid, gas) of water.______________ _ 9. Earth spins on an imaginary line called its ____Axis – it’s tilted_____________________________. 10. Fill in the following chart with the missing information. Earth’s Movement Rotation: Revolution: Definition Earth spins on a tilted imaginary line called an axis. Earth spinning on its axis is called rotation. How Long it Takes 24 hours This Causes… An Example (Draw) Day and Night Cycle Earth orbits, or revolves around the sun. This means that the Earth moves in a About 365 days regular pattern which is 1 year around the Sun. The seasons: Winter, Spring, Summer, and Fall Electrons orbit around the nucleus of an atom. What would be the approximate time here on Earth? 11. _12:00 am Midnight____ How do you know? 12:00 am (noon) is when the sun is directly overhead. That would be the opposite side facing the Sun, so the arrow would be midnight. 12. What two reasons cause Earth to have seasons? a. _______Earth’s tilt____________________ b. _______Earth’s revolution (orbit)______ c. How do these two reasons work together to cause Earth’s seasons? EXPLAIN! Earth’s revolution (or orbit) places it at different positions around the Sun. The tilt allows different hemispheres to receive more or less direct sunlight. For example, when the northern hemisphere is tilted TOWARD the Sun, it is receiving MORE DIRECT sunlight and would be experiencing SUMMER. This would mean that the southern hemisphere is tilted away and receiving LESS DIRECT sunlight and would be experiencing WINTER. 13. In the image to the right, identify which season would be occurring at locations A, B, C, and D. summer winter spring fall 14. Use the empty moons below to draw the phases of the moon, in order, following a New Moon. Name each phase. New Moon First Quarter Waxing Crescent Waxing Gibbous Full Moon Waning Gibbous Third Quarter Waning Crescent 15. Using the diagrams below, draw the location of the moon to cause the two different types of eclipses. SOLAR Eclipse LUNAR Eclipse Moon Moon 16. What causes the tides? The gravitational pull between the Earth, Moon and Sun 17. Which has a greater effect on the tides, the Sun or the Moon? Why?? The Moon has a greater effect on the tides because it is much closer to Earth. 18. In the spaces below, draw a diagram of a spring tide and a diagram of a neap tide. Spring Tide Neap Tide