Download answers - Parkway C-2

3/8/06
9:14 PM
Chapter 24 Study Guide
Study Tip
Have students rewrite the boldface
sentences as questions and answer
them. They should look up the
answers to any questions they are
unsure of.
Thinking Visually
1. Mature sporophyte; 2. Pollen
cone; 3. Seed cone; 4. Pollen grains;
5. Female gametophyte; 6. Zygote;
7. Seed
Chapter 24 Assessment
Reviewing Content
1.
2.
3.
4.
a
a
a
a
5.
6.
7.
8.
b
a
d
a
9. c
10. d
11. c
Understanding Concepts
628
Chapter 24
Chapter 24 Study Guide
24–1 Reproduction With
24–3 Plant Propagation
Cones and Flowers
and Agriculture
Key Concepts
Key Concepts
• Reproduction in gymnosperms takes place
in cones, which are produced by a mature
sporophyte plant.
• Flowers are reproductive organs that are composed of four kinds of specialized leaves: sepals,
petals, stamens, and carpels.
• Reproduction in angiosperms takes place within
the flower. Following pollination and fertilization,
the seeds develop inside protective structures
called fruits.
• Most gymnosperms are wind pollinated, whereas
most flowering plants are pollinated by animals.
Vocabulary
pollen cone, p. 610 • seed cone, p. 610
ovule, p. 610 • pollen tube, p. 611
sepal, p. 612 • petal, p. 612
stamen, p. 612 • filament, p. 612
anther, p. 612 • carpel, p. 612
ovary, p. 612 • style, p. 612
stigma, p. 612 • embryo sac, p. 615
endosperm, p. 616 • double fertilization, p. 616
• Vegetative reproduction includes the production
of new plants from horizontal stems, cuttings,
leaves, plantlets, and underground roots.
• Horticulturists use plant propagation to make
many identical copies of a plant or to produce
offspring from seedless plants.
• Most of the people of the world depend on a few
crop plants, such as wheat, rice, and corn, for the
bulk of their food supply.
Vocabulary
vegetative reproduction, p. 622
stolon, p. 622 • grafting, p. 623
budding, p. 623
Thinking Visually
Use the following terms to complete the flowchart
about reproduction in gymnosperms: female
gametophyte, seed, pollen cone, mature sporophyte,
seed cone, zygote, pollen grains.
24–2 Seed Development and
1
Germination
Key Concepts
• As angiosperm seeds mature, the ovary walls
thicken to form a fruit that encloses the developing seeds.
• Seeds dispersed by animals are typically contained in fleshy, nutritious fruits.
• Seeds dispersed by wind or water are typically
lightweight, allowing them to be carried in the
air or to float on the surface of the water.
• Environmental factors such as temperature and
moisture can cause a seed to end dormancy and
germinate.
produces
2
3
which produce
which produce
4
5
which join to form the
Vocabulary
dormancy, p. 620
germination, p. 621
6
which becomes a
7
CHAPTER RESOURCES
Print:
Technology:
• Teaching Resources, Chapter Vocabulary
Review, Graphic Organizer, Chapter 24 Tests:
Save
Levels A and B
e
• Computer Test Bank, Chapter 24 Test
• iText, Chapter 24 Assessment
r
12. A gametophyte plant produces
male and female gametes (sperm
and eggs). A sporophyte plant produces spores.
13. An ovule is a structure in which
the female gametophyte develops.
When a pollen grain reaches an
ovule, the grain splits open and
grows a pollen tube, which contains
two haploid sperm nuclei. Once the
pollen tube reaches the female
gametophyte, one sperm nucleus
disintegrates and the other fertilizes
the egg within the female gametophyte.
14. Male pollen cones produce male
gametophytes called pollen grains.
Later, one of the nuclei in the pollen
grain divides to produce two sperm
nuclei.
15. Check students’ diagrams against
Figure 24–4 for accuracy.
16. The carpel, which produces the
female gametophytes, is the innermost part of the flower. Each carpel
has a broad base that contains an
ovary. The diameter narrows into a
stalk called the style. At the top of
the style is the stigma.
17. Pollen may be transferred from
plant to plant by wind, insects, birds,
or bats.
Page 628
Tim
0627_0631_bi_c07_te
0627_0631_bi_c07_te
3/8/06
9:14 PM
Page 629
Chapter 24 Assessment
Interactive textbook with
assessment at PHSchool.com
Reviewing Content
Choose the letter that best answers the question or
completes the statement.
1. Two structures specialized for sexual reproduction
in seed plants are
a. cones and flowers.
b. cones and lateral buds.
c. lateral and terminal buds.
d. meristems and flowers.
11. The illustration below shows the germination of
a pea plant. The feature labeled A is a(an)
a. anther.
c. cotyledon.
b. seed coat.
d. root.
2. Which of the following is NOT true of reproduction in a pine tree?
a. The pollen tube contains two diploid sperm.
b. One sperm fertilizes the egg.
c. One sperm disintegrates.
d. The zygote grows into an embryo.
(Continued from page 628)
3. In angiosperms, the structures that produce the
male gametophyte are called the
a. anthers.
b. sepals.
c. pollen tubes.
d. stigmas.
A
4. The outermost circle of flower parts consists of
several
a. sepals.
c. carpels.
b. petals.
d. corollas.
5. Pollination occurs when pollen lands on the
a. style.
c. filament.
b. stigma.
d. anther.
6. The thickened ovary wall of a plant may join with
other parts of the flower stem to become the
a. fruit.
c. endosperm.
b. seed.
d. cotyledon.
7. The seed leaves of a flowering plant are known as
a. endosperm.
c. radicles.
b. carpels.
d. cotyledons.
8. In seed plants, the structure that encloses the
male gametophyte and transports it to another
plant is called a
a. pollen grain.
c. flower.
b. seed.
d. pollinator.
9. The period during which the embryo is alive but
not growing is called
a. fertilization.
c. dormancy.
b. vegetative growth. d. germination.
10. The process in which a single plant produces many
offspring genetically identical to itself is called
a. sexual reproduction.
b. agriculture.
c. dormancy.
d. vegetative reproduction.
If your class subscribes to the
iText, your students can go
online to access an interactive
version of the Student Edition
and a self-test.
Understanding Concepts
12. What is a gametophyte plant? How is it different
from a sporophyte plant?
13. What is an ovule? Describe what happens to an
ovule of a pine cone if it is fertilized by the male
gametophyte.
14. What role do male pine cones play in reproduction?
15. Draw and label a diagram showing the stages in
the life cycle of a typical gymnosperm.
16. What is a carpel? Where is it located in a typical
flower?
17. Describe at least two ways in which pollen is
transferred from one plant to another.
18. Briefly describe each stage in the life cycle of an
angiosperm, starting with germination of the seed.
19. What purposes are served by seed dormancy?
18. Germination is followed by
growth of the sporophyte. In
anthers, cells undergo meiosis, reproducing haploid spore cells that
develop into pollen grains. In ovules,
cells undergo meiosis, producing
eggs. Pollen grains are released from
the anther and deposited on a stigma. After pollination and fertilization,
eggs develop into zygotes, ovules
develop into seeds, and ovaries
develop into fruits. Seeds are disbursed, and the cycle repeats.
19. Seed dormancy can allow for
long-distance dispersal, and it may
allow seeds to germinate under ideal
conditions.
20. Vegetative reproduction is asexual reproduction in which new plants
are produced from horizontal stems,
plantlets, or underground roots.
21. Plants can be propagated asexually by cuttings, grafting, and
budding. In cuttings, a length of
stem is cut and placed in a rooting
mixture. In grafting and budding, a
piece of a parent plant is attached to
another plant.
22. Endosperm is the stored food
supply in angiosperm seeds that
nourishes the embryo plant.
20. What is vegetative reproduction?
21. Describe three ways in which plants can be
propagated artificially.
22. What is the function of endosperm?
HOMEWORK GUIDE
Section 24–1
1–5, 7, 8, 12–18, 22–25, 30
Section 24–2
6, 9, 11, 19, 26–29, 32
Sav
10, 20, 21,
e 31e
Section 24–3
Tim
Questions:
r
Section:
Reproduction of Seed Plants
629
0627_0631_bi_c07_te
3/8/06
9:14 PM
Chapter 24 Assessment
Critical Thinking
23. It provides a sticky landing site
for pollen grains. Without it, pollen
grains would not stick to the cones
and fertilization would not occur.
24. Fruit could not form on flowers
that lack carpels because fruit develops from the ovary, which is part of
the carpel.
25. If pollen grains of wind-pollinated
flowers were sticky, they might stick
to anything, not just the female
flowers. To test their answers, students should suggest a controlled
experiment.
26. One possible answer is that, in
such harsh environments, a seed
might have to wait many years
before suitable conditions for germination and growth occur.
27. Students’ experimental designs
will vary. One possible answer is to
choose seeds with large cotyledons
and remove the cotyledons before
planting. Leave the cotyledons on
some seeds as a control.
28. In monocots, the single cotyledon remains within the seed. The
growing shoot emerges while protected by a sheath. In some species
of dicots, the cotyledons emerge
above the ground and protect the
first foliage leaves. In other species,
the cotyledons remain below the
ground, providing a food source for
the developing seedling.
29. The seed needs water from the
soil for germination. The root
emerges first to obtain water and
nutrients from the soil.
30. Pollen is produced inside the
anthers, labeled C. The stigma is
labeled A; it is where pollen grains
land. Seeds develop in the ovary,
labeled F. A sepal is labeled G and a
petal is labeled H.
31. Grafting is the method of artificial propagation that fuses together
pieces of two different plants, so it
would be an appropriate method for
producing an apple tree that will
bear two different kinds of apples.
Cuttings, however, generate clones
of a plant but do not combine two
different plants.
630
Chapter 24
Page 630
Chapter 24 Assessment
Critical Thinking
23. Inferring What is the function of the pollination
drop (sticky substance) secreted by female pine
cones? What would happen if it were not present?
24. Predicting Some plants form flowers that
produce stamens but no carpels. Could fruit form
on one of these flowers? Explain your answer.
25. Formulating Hypotheses Would you expect
pollen grains of wind-pollinated flowers to be
sticky? How would you test the accuracy of your
answer?
31. Applying Concepts Suppose that you want
to produce an apple tree that will bear two different
kinds of apples. Which method of artificial propagation would you choose? Why would the other
method of artificial propagation not be suitable?
32. Applying Concepts Many ecologists have
argued that the historic policy of preventing all
wildfires in the western United States has affected
the structures of western ecosystems. How might
the example of seed dormancy in certain types of
pines support their case?
26. Inferring The seeds of lupines, an arctic plant,
can remain dormant for thousands of years. Why
might this trait be important to a plant in an
arctic environment?
27. Designing Experiments A friend suggests that
seeds do not need cotyledons to grow. You argue
that cotyledons are important to seeds. Design an
experiment that shows the effect of removing
cotyledons on seed growth.
28. Comparing and Contrasting How is seed
germination similar in monocots and dicots? How
is it different?
29. Inferring What does a plant need that makes it
necessary for seed germination to start with the
emergence of a root rather than a shoot?
30. Interpreting Graphics The diagram below
shows the parts of a typical flower.
a. Inside which structure is pollen produced?
What is the name of this structure?
b. What structure is represented by A? What is its
function?
c. In which structure do seeds develop?
d. What are the names of structures G and H?
A
C
B
D
F
G
E
H
32. Certain species of pines require the heat of
a fire for seed germination. If forest fires are
prevented, these pines will not produce more
seedlings and will eventually be crowded out
by other plant species that do not require heat
for germination.
Evolution Review the discussion of coevolution in
Chapter 17, Section 17–4. Discuss how the coevolution of plants and the animals that pollinate them
might have taken place. (Hint: What are several
characteristics of plants that represent adaptations to
animal pollinators? What characteristics of these
animals are the result of coevolution with plants?)
Write a paragraph that compares and contrasts the
most important aspects of reproduction in
gymnosperms and angiosperms. Then, explain why
the flower is the key to the evolutionary success of the
angiosperm. (Hint: Develop a concept map before
you begin to write.)
Performance-Based Assessment
Create a Video Prepare a video presentation in
which you demonstrate different types of vegetative
reproduction. If possible, prepare the video over a
long period so that you can show the growth of
propagated plants. Include in your documentary a
discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of
vegetative reproduction.
For: An interactive self-test
Visit: PHSchool.com
Web Code: cba-7240
Coevolution is the process by which two
organisms evolve in response to changes in
each other. A relationship exists between the
evolution of angiosperms and the evolution of
modern insects, mammals, and birds. Animals
rely on the plants for food, and the plants rely
on the animals for reproduction.