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Chapter 22
Respiratory System
I.
Overview of the Respiratory System
A. Functions of the Respiratory System
1.
The respiratory functions as an air distributor and a gas _________________ so that
oxygen may be supplied to and carbon dioxide be removed from the body’s cells
a. All parts of the respiratory system, except for the microscopic sized sacs called
_________________, functions as air _________________.
b. Only the alveoli and the tiny alveolar _________________ that open into them
serve as _________________ exchangers
2. The respiratory system effectively _________________, warms, and humidifies the air
we _________________.
3. Respiratory organs also influence sound production, including _________________.
4. The respiratory system also plays an important role in the _________________ or
homeostasis of _________________ in the body.
B. Structural Plan of the Respiratory System
1. Upper respiratory system
a. _________________
b. Pharynx
i. Nasopharynx
ii. Oropharynx
iii. Laryngopharynx
c. Larynx
2. Lower respiratory system
a. Trachea
b. All segments of the bronchial _________________
c. Lungs
3. Functionally, the respiratory system also includes serval accessory structures
a. _________________ Cavity
b. _________________ Cage
c. Respiratory _________________ including the diaphragm
4. Cells require a constant supply of _________________ for the vital energy conversion
process carried out with in each cell’s _________________ – cellular respiration
II. Upper Respiratory System
A. Nose
1. Structure of the nose
a. The nose consists of an _________________ and an internal portion
b. External
1)
Protrudes from the _________________
2)
Consists of _________________ and a cartilaginous framework
3)
_________________ bones make up the _________________ of the
nose
c. Internal
1)
Lies over the _________________ of the mouth at the palatine bones
2)
Which form the _________________ of the nose and the roof of the
mouth, separates the nasal cavities from the mouth cavity
3)
Sometimes the palatine bones _________________ to unite completely,
producing a condition knowns as _________________ palate.
4)
The mouth is partial _________________ from the nose – results in
difficulty in swallowing and _________________
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d. The roof of the nose is _________________ from the cranial cavity by a portion of
_________________ bone called cribriform plate
1)
Is perforated by many small _________________ that permit branches
of the olfactory nerve responsible for the special _________________ of smell
to enter the cranial cavity and reach the _________________
2)
If the cribriform plate is _________________ as a result of trauma to the
nose, it is possible for the potentially _________________ material to pass
directly from the nasal cavity into the cranial fossa and _________________ the
brain.
3)
The hollow nasal cavity is separated by a _________________ partition,
the septum
a) The nasal _________________ is made up of four main
structures
i.
Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid
ii.
Vomer bone
iii.
Spetal Nasa
iv.
Vomeronasal cartilages
4)
Pathway of air through the nose into the pharynx
1) Anterior nares (_________________)
2) Vestibule
3) Inferior, middle, and superior meatia, simultaneously
4) Posterior _________________
2. Nasal Mucosa
a. Once air has _________________ over the skin of the vestibule and enters the
respiratory portion of the nasal _________________, it passes over the highly
specialized respiratory _________________
b. The Mucous membrane has _________________ ciliated cells (remember epithelial
tissues – _________________ layers).
c. Rich blood supply, especially over the inferior turbinate and bright
_________________ in color
d. Olfactory epithelium – specialized membrane contains many olfactory
_________________ cells and has a rich lymphatic plexus.
e. _________________ mucous membrane lines the rest of the _________________
track down as far as the smaller bronchioles.
3. Paranasal Sinuses
a. Four pairs of paranasal sinuses are air – containing _________________ that open or
drain into the _________________ cavity and take their names from the skull bones
in which they are located
b. These paranasal sinuses are
1) Frontal
2) Maxillary
3) Ethmoid
4) sphenoid
c. Is lined by _________________ mucosa which are being swept into the nose by the
ciliated surface of the respiratory membrane
4. Functions of the Nose
a. The nose serves as a _________________ way for air going to and from the lungs
b. Air can bypass the _________________ and enter the respiratory tract directly
through the mouth
c. Air that enters the _________________ through the nasal cavity is
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Respiratory System
a.
b.
c.
d.
_________________ of impurities
_________________
_________________
Chemically examined for substances that might prove _________________ to the
delicate lining of the _________________ tract
d. The vibrissae (_________________) serve as an initial filter to screen particulate
matter from air that is _________________ the system
e. Conchae, serve a _________________ to provide a large mucus covered surface
area over which air must _________________ before reaching the pharynx
f. The respiratory system _________________ large quantities of mucus and
possesses a rich blood supply, which permits mucus and passes over the dry inspired
air.
g. Mucous _________________ provide the final trap for removal of remaining
particulate matter from _________________ as it moves through the nasal passages
B. Pharynx
a) Structure of the Pharynx
a. Another name for the pharynx is the _________________
b. It is a tube-like structure about 12.5 cm (5 inches) long and extends from the base
of the skull to the _________________ and lies just anterior to the cervical
vertebrae
c. Three divisions
1) Nasopharynx
2) Oropharynx
3) Laryngopharynx
d. Seven openings are found in the pharynx
1) Right and left auditory (_________________) tubes opening into the
nasopharynx
2) Two posterior nares into the _________________
3) The opening from the _________________ known as the fauces into the
oropharynx
4) The opening into the _________________ from the laryngopharynx
5) The opening into the _________________ from the laryngopharynx
2. Functions of the Pharynx
a. _________________ pathway for the respiratory and digestive tracts, since both air
and food must pass through this structure before reaching the appropriate tubes
b. It also affects _________________
C. Larynx
1. Location of Larynx
a. The _________________ or voice box lies between the root of the tongue and the
upper end of the _________________
b. Just below and in front of the lowest part of the _________________
2. Structure of the larynx
a. The triangle shaped _________________ consists largely of cartilages that are
attached to one another and to surrounding structures by muscles or by fibrous and
elastic _________________ components
b. It is lined with _________________ mucous membrane
3. Cartilages of the larynx
a. Thyroid cartilage (_________________ Apple) is the largest cartilage of the larynx
1)
_________________ A small leaf shaped cartilage that projects upward
behind the tongue and hyoid bone
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2)
Can move up and down during _________________ to prevent food or
liquids from entering the _________________
b. The pyramid shaped _________________ cartilages
4. Muscles of the larynx
a. Muscles of the _________________ are often divided into intrinsic and extrinsic
groups
b. Muscles in both groups play an important role in respiration, _________________
and swallowing
c. Intrinsic muscles
1)
Have both their _________________ and insertion on the larynx
2)
Important in controlling _________________ cord length and tension
d. Extrinsic muscles
1)
_________________ on the larynx but have their origin on some other
structure
2)
_________________ of the extrinsic muscles actually
_________________ the larynx
5. Voice _________________ involves the _________________ release of expired air and
the opening and closing of the glottis.
a. As length and _________________ of the vocal folds changes, pitch of the voice
varies; generally, as tension increases, pitch becomes higher.
b. _________________ of the voice is determined by the force of the air forced over
the _________________ folds.
6. Functions of the larynx
a. Larynx functions in respiration because it constitutes part of the
_________________ airway to lungs
b. Is lined with a _________________ mucous membrane that helps in the removal of
dust particles and in the _________________ and humidification of inspired air
c. It protects the airway against the _________________ of solids or liquids during
swallowing
d. It also serves as the organ of _________________ production
III. Lower Respiratory system
A. Trachea
1. Structure of the Trachea
a. The _________________ is also called the _________________
b. It is a tube about 11 cm (4.5 inches) long that extends from the larynx in the
neck to the primary bronchi in the _________________ cavity
c. It is made up of _________________ muscle in which are embedded C_________________ rings of cartilage at regular intervals fashions the wall of
the trachea
2. Function of the trachea
1. The trachea performs a simple function – it furnishes part of the open passageway
through which air can reach the _________________ from the outside
2. _________________ of this airway for even a few minutes causes death from
asphyxiation
B. Bronchi and Alveoli
1. Structure of Bronchi
a. The _________________ divides at its lower end into two primary
_________________ or which the right bronchus is slightly larger and
more vertical than the left
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b. In structure, the _________________ resemble the trachea – contains
incomplete _________________ rings before the bronchi enter the lungs,
but they become complete within the lungs
c. _________________ mucosa lines the bronchi as it does in the trachea
d. Each primary _________________ enters the lung on its respective side
and immediately divides into _________________ branches called
_________________ bronchi
e. The secondary bronchi continue to branch forming _________________
bronchi and small _________________
f. Bro_________________ nchioles branch into many branches forming a
_________________ tree
2. Structure of the Alveoli
a. The alveoli are the primary gas _________________ structures of the
respiratory tract
b. Alveoli are very effective in the _________________ of carbon dioxide
and oxygen because each alveolus is extremely _________________
walled, each alveolus lies in _________________ with blood capillaries
and there are millions of alveoli in each lung
c. The barrier across which _________________ are exchanged between
alveolar air and the blood is called the respiratory membrane
1) The respiratory _________________ is a double
membrane
2) Composed of capillary _________________
3) Composed of _________________ epithelium
3. Functions of Bronchi and Alveoli
a. The _________________ composing the bronchial tree perform the same
function as the trachea that of distributing air to the lung’s interior
b. The alveoli, _________________ as they are by networks of capillaries,
accomplish the _________________ main and vital function, that of gas
exchange between _________________ and blood
C. Lungs
3. Structure of the Lungs
a. The lungs are _________________ organs, large enough to fill the pleural portion of the
_________________ cavity completely
b. The lungs extend from the diaphragm to a point slightly above the clavicles and lie
against the _________________ both anteriorly and posteriorly
c. Each lung is divided into lobes by fissures
1) Left lung is _________________ divided into two lobes (superior and inferior)
2) _________________ lung is partially divided into three lobes (superior, middle, and
inferior)
2. Functions of the lungs
a. The lungs perform _________________ main functions
1) _________________ distribution to the alveoli is the function of the tubes of the
bronchial tree
2) _________________ exchange
a) Gas exchange between air and blood is the _________________
function of the alveoli and the networks of _________________
capillaries that envelop them
b) These two structures are one part of the respiratory system and the other
part of the _________________ system
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c) Because _________________ provide an enormous surface area, the
respiratory membrane where the very thin walled alveoli and equally
thin walled pulmonary _________________ come in contact
d) This makes possible for extremely rapid diffusion of gases between
alveolar air and pulmonary _________________ blood
D. Thorax
1. Structure of the thoracic cavity
b. The _________________ cavity has three divisions, separated from each other by
partitions of pleura
c. The parts of the cavity occupied by lungs are the pleural divisions
1) _________________ pleural
2) _________________ pleural
3) mediastrineum
d. Parietal pleura
1) Lines the entire _________________ cavity
2) It adheres to the _________________ surface of the ribs and
the superior surface of the _________________
2. Functions of the Thoracic Cavity
a) The thorax plays a major role in _________________.
b) The thorax becomes larger when the _________________ is raised and smaller when it
is lowered
c) Lifting up the chest _________________ the ribs so that they are no longer
_________________ downward from the spine, and because of their
_________________ shape this enlarges both depth (from front and back) and width of
the thorax
d) An even greater change in thoracic _________________ occurs when the diaphragm
contracts and _________________
1) When the diaphragm contracts it _________________ out
and thus pulls the floor of the thoracic cavity downward
enlarging the volume of the thorax.
2) When the diaphragm _________________, it returns to its
resting domelike shape reducing the volume of the thoracic
cavity.
3) It is the changes in thorax size that bring about inspiration
and _________________
IV. Disorders associated with Respiratory System
A. Deviated septum – a _________________ of the nasal septum from the midline of the nasal
cavity
B. Epistaxis – nose _________________
C. Rhinitis – inflammation of the mucosa of the nasal cavity
D. Pharyngitis – commonly referred to as a _________________ throat
E. Acute bronchitis – A condition of the lower respiratory tract characterized by acute
_________________ of the tracheobronchial tree
F. Lung Cancer – _________________ smokers are predisposed to this _________________ to
pulmonary tissue
G. Turberculosis – A chronic highly _________________ infection caused by Mycobacterium
turberculosis
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H. Pneumonia
1. is a common infection that affects one of both the lungs in individuals and this condition is
caused by _________________, _________________ and _________________.
2. Before antibiotics for pneumonia were discovered this condition resulted in a number of
_________________.
3. Common in the _________________
I. COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases –
1. history of _________________
2. Difficult _________________ breathing
3. Causes them to retain Carbon Dioxide (can’t get it out)
J. Emphysema –
1. permanent _________________ of the alveoli,
2. accompanied by destru_________________ ction of the alveolar walls.
3. _________________ lose their elasticity
K. Asthma
1. _________________,
2. Difficult labored _________________
3. _________________
4. Chest _________________
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