Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Chapter 22 Respiratory System I. Overview of the Respiratory System A. Functions of the Respiratory System 1. The respiratory functions as an air distributor and a gas _________________ so that oxygen may be supplied to and carbon dioxide be removed from the body’s cells a. All parts of the respiratory system, except for the microscopic sized sacs called _________________, functions as air _________________. b. Only the alveoli and the tiny alveolar _________________ that open into them serve as _________________ exchangers 2. The respiratory system effectively _________________, warms, and humidifies the air we _________________. 3. Respiratory organs also influence sound production, including _________________. 4. The respiratory system also plays an important role in the _________________ or homeostasis of _________________ in the body. B. Structural Plan of the Respiratory System 1. Upper respiratory system a. _________________ b. Pharynx i. Nasopharynx ii. Oropharynx iii. Laryngopharynx c. Larynx 2. Lower respiratory system a. Trachea b. All segments of the bronchial _________________ c. Lungs 3. Functionally, the respiratory system also includes serval accessory structures a. _________________ Cavity b. _________________ Cage c. Respiratory _________________ including the diaphragm 4. Cells require a constant supply of _________________ for the vital energy conversion process carried out with in each cell’s _________________ – cellular respiration II. Upper Respiratory System A. Nose 1. Structure of the nose a. The nose consists of an _________________ and an internal portion b. External 1) Protrudes from the _________________ 2) Consists of _________________ and a cartilaginous framework 3) _________________ bones make up the _________________ of the nose c. Internal 1) Lies over the _________________ of the mouth at the palatine bones 2) Which form the _________________ of the nose and the roof of the mouth, separates the nasal cavities from the mouth cavity 3) Sometimes the palatine bones _________________ to unite completely, producing a condition knowns as _________________ palate. 4) The mouth is partial _________________ from the nose – results in difficulty in swallowing and _________________ 1 Chapter 22 Respiratory System d. The roof of the nose is _________________ from the cranial cavity by a portion of _________________ bone called cribriform plate 1) Is perforated by many small _________________ that permit branches of the olfactory nerve responsible for the special _________________ of smell to enter the cranial cavity and reach the _________________ 2) If the cribriform plate is _________________ as a result of trauma to the nose, it is possible for the potentially _________________ material to pass directly from the nasal cavity into the cranial fossa and _________________ the brain. 3) The hollow nasal cavity is separated by a _________________ partition, the septum a) The nasal _________________ is made up of four main structures i. Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid ii. Vomer bone iii. Spetal Nasa iv. Vomeronasal cartilages 4) Pathway of air through the nose into the pharynx 1) Anterior nares (_________________) 2) Vestibule 3) Inferior, middle, and superior meatia, simultaneously 4) Posterior _________________ 2. Nasal Mucosa a. Once air has _________________ over the skin of the vestibule and enters the respiratory portion of the nasal _________________, it passes over the highly specialized respiratory _________________ b. The Mucous membrane has _________________ ciliated cells (remember epithelial tissues – _________________ layers). c. Rich blood supply, especially over the inferior turbinate and bright _________________ in color d. Olfactory epithelium – specialized membrane contains many olfactory _________________ cells and has a rich lymphatic plexus. e. _________________ mucous membrane lines the rest of the _________________ track down as far as the smaller bronchioles. 3. Paranasal Sinuses a. Four pairs of paranasal sinuses are air – containing _________________ that open or drain into the _________________ cavity and take their names from the skull bones in which they are located b. These paranasal sinuses are 1) Frontal 2) Maxillary 3) Ethmoid 4) sphenoid c. Is lined by _________________ mucosa which are being swept into the nose by the ciliated surface of the respiratory membrane 4. Functions of the Nose a. The nose serves as a _________________ way for air going to and from the lungs b. Air can bypass the _________________ and enter the respiratory tract directly through the mouth c. Air that enters the _________________ through the nasal cavity is 2 Chapter 22 Respiratory System a. b. c. d. _________________ of impurities _________________ _________________ Chemically examined for substances that might prove _________________ to the delicate lining of the _________________ tract d. The vibrissae (_________________) serve as an initial filter to screen particulate matter from air that is _________________ the system e. Conchae, serve a _________________ to provide a large mucus covered surface area over which air must _________________ before reaching the pharynx f. The respiratory system _________________ large quantities of mucus and possesses a rich blood supply, which permits mucus and passes over the dry inspired air. g. Mucous _________________ provide the final trap for removal of remaining particulate matter from _________________ as it moves through the nasal passages B. Pharynx a) Structure of the Pharynx a. Another name for the pharynx is the _________________ b. It is a tube-like structure about 12.5 cm (5 inches) long and extends from the base of the skull to the _________________ and lies just anterior to the cervical vertebrae c. Three divisions 1) Nasopharynx 2) Oropharynx 3) Laryngopharynx d. Seven openings are found in the pharynx 1) Right and left auditory (_________________) tubes opening into the nasopharynx 2) Two posterior nares into the _________________ 3) The opening from the _________________ known as the fauces into the oropharynx 4) The opening into the _________________ from the laryngopharynx 5) The opening into the _________________ from the laryngopharynx 2. Functions of the Pharynx a. _________________ pathway for the respiratory and digestive tracts, since both air and food must pass through this structure before reaching the appropriate tubes b. It also affects _________________ C. Larynx 1. Location of Larynx a. The _________________ or voice box lies between the root of the tongue and the upper end of the _________________ b. Just below and in front of the lowest part of the _________________ 2. Structure of the larynx a. The triangle shaped _________________ consists largely of cartilages that are attached to one another and to surrounding structures by muscles or by fibrous and elastic _________________ components b. It is lined with _________________ mucous membrane 3. Cartilages of the larynx a. Thyroid cartilage (_________________ Apple) is the largest cartilage of the larynx 1) _________________ A small leaf shaped cartilage that projects upward behind the tongue and hyoid bone 3 Chapter 22 Respiratory System 2) Can move up and down during _________________ to prevent food or liquids from entering the _________________ b. The pyramid shaped _________________ cartilages 4. Muscles of the larynx a. Muscles of the _________________ are often divided into intrinsic and extrinsic groups b. Muscles in both groups play an important role in respiration, _________________ and swallowing c. Intrinsic muscles 1) Have both their _________________ and insertion on the larynx 2) Important in controlling _________________ cord length and tension d. Extrinsic muscles 1) _________________ on the larynx but have their origin on some other structure 2) _________________ of the extrinsic muscles actually _________________ the larynx 5. Voice _________________ involves the _________________ release of expired air and the opening and closing of the glottis. a. As length and _________________ of the vocal folds changes, pitch of the voice varies; generally, as tension increases, pitch becomes higher. b. _________________ of the voice is determined by the force of the air forced over the _________________ folds. 6. Functions of the larynx a. Larynx functions in respiration because it constitutes part of the _________________ airway to lungs b. Is lined with a _________________ mucous membrane that helps in the removal of dust particles and in the _________________ and humidification of inspired air c. It protects the airway against the _________________ of solids or liquids during swallowing d. It also serves as the organ of _________________ production III. Lower Respiratory system A. Trachea 1. Structure of the Trachea a. The _________________ is also called the _________________ b. It is a tube about 11 cm (4.5 inches) long that extends from the larynx in the neck to the primary bronchi in the _________________ cavity c. It is made up of _________________ muscle in which are embedded C_________________ rings of cartilage at regular intervals fashions the wall of the trachea 2. Function of the trachea 1. The trachea performs a simple function – it furnishes part of the open passageway through which air can reach the _________________ from the outside 2. _________________ of this airway for even a few minutes causes death from asphyxiation B. Bronchi and Alveoli 1. Structure of Bronchi a. The _________________ divides at its lower end into two primary _________________ or which the right bronchus is slightly larger and more vertical than the left 4 Chapter 22 Respiratory System b. In structure, the _________________ resemble the trachea – contains incomplete _________________ rings before the bronchi enter the lungs, but they become complete within the lungs c. _________________ mucosa lines the bronchi as it does in the trachea d. Each primary _________________ enters the lung on its respective side and immediately divides into _________________ branches called _________________ bronchi e. The secondary bronchi continue to branch forming _________________ bronchi and small _________________ f. Bro_________________ nchioles branch into many branches forming a _________________ tree 2. Structure of the Alveoli a. The alveoli are the primary gas _________________ structures of the respiratory tract b. Alveoli are very effective in the _________________ of carbon dioxide and oxygen because each alveolus is extremely _________________ walled, each alveolus lies in _________________ with blood capillaries and there are millions of alveoli in each lung c. The barrier across which _________________ are exchanged between alveolar air and the blood is called the respiratory membrane 1) The respiratory _________________ is a double membrane 2) Composed of capillary _________________ 3) Composed of _________________ epithelium 3. Functions of Bronchi and Alveoli a. The _________________ composing the bronchial tree perform the same function as the trachea that of distributing air to the lung’s interior b. The alveoli, _________________ as they are by networks of capillaries, accomplish the _________________ main and vital function, that of gas exchange between _________________ and blood C. Lungs 3. Structure of the Lungs a. The lungs are _________________ organs, large enough to fill the pleural portion of the _________________ cavity completely b. The lungs extend from the diaphragm to a point slightly above the clavicles and lie against the _________________ both anteriorly and posteriorly c. Each lung is divided into lobes by fissures 1) Left lung is _________________ divided into two lobes (superior and inferior) 2) _________________ lung is partially divided into three lobes (superior, middle, and inferior) 2. Functions of the lungs a. The lungs perform _________________ main functions 1) _________________ distribution to the alveoli is the function of the tubes of the bronchial tree 2) _________________ exchange a) Gas exchange between air and blood is the _________________ function of the alveoli and the networks of _________________ capillaries that envelop them b) These two structures are one part of the respiratory system and the other part of the _________________ system 5 Chapter 22 Respiratory System c) Because _________________ provide an enormous surface area, the respiratory membrane where the very thin walled alveoli and equally thin walled pulmonary _________________ come in contact d) This makes possible for extremely rapid diffusion of gases between alveolar air and pulmonary _________________ blood D. Thorax 1. Structure of the thoracic cavity b. The _________________ cavity has three divisions, separated from each other by partitions of pleura c. The parts of the cavity occupied by lungs are the pleural divisions 1) _________________ pleural 2) _________________ pleural 3) mediastrineum d. Parietal pleura 1) Lines the entire _________________ cavity 2) It adheres to the _________________ surface of the ribs and the superior surface of the _________________ 2. Functions of the Thoracic Cavity a) The thorax plays a major role in _________________. b) The thorax becomes larger when the _________________ is raised and smaller when it is lowered c) Lifting up the chest _________________ the ribs so that they are no longer _________________ downward from the spine, and because of their _________________ shape this enlarges both depth (from front and back) and width of the thorax d) An even greater change in thoracic _________________ occurs when the diaphragm contracts and _________________ 1) When the diaphragm contracts it _________________ out and thus pulls the floor of the thoracic cavity downward enlarging the volume of the thorax. 2) When the diaphragm _________________, it returns to its resting domelike shape reducing the volume of the thoracic cavity. 3) It is the changes in thorax size that bring about inspiration and _________________ IV. Disorders associated with Respiratory System A. Deviated septum – a _________________ of the nasal septum from the midline of the nasal cavity B. Epistaxis – nose _________________ C. Rhinitis – inflammation of the mucosa of the nasal cavity D. Pharyngitis – commonly referred to as a _________________ throat E. Acute bronchitis – A condition of the lower respiratory tract characterized by acute _________________ of the tracheobronchial tree F. Lung Cancer – _________________ smokers are predisposed to this _________________ to pulmonary tissue G. Turberculosis – A chronic highly _________________ infection caused by Mycobacterium turberculosis 6 Chapter 22 Respiratory System H. Pneumonia 1. is a common infection that affects one of both the lungs in individuals and this condition is caused by _________________, _________________ and _________________. 2. Before antibiotics for pneumonia were discovered this condition resulted in a number of _________________. 3. Common in the _________________ I. COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases – 1. history of _________________ 2. Difficult _________________ breathing 3. Causes them to retain Carbon Dioxide (can’t get it out) J. Emphysema – 1. permanent _________________ of the alveoli, 2. accompanied by destru_________________ ction of the alveolar walls. 3. _________________ lose their elasticity K. Asthma 1. _________________, 2. Difficult labored _________________ 3. _________________ 4. Chest _________________ 7