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Download BASIC VERB CONJUGATION A verb in its unchanged form
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BASIC VERB CONJUGATION A verb in its unchanged form (unconjugated) is called an “infinitive” – it is infinite, it hasn‟t been limieted as to what person or time. When you change a verb, you are changing it to show who is doing it and when it is being done. The 3 main pieces of info you can get from a conjugated verb are: WHO is doing it, WHEN it is done, and WHAT the action is. Verbs have 2 main parts- the “stem”/ “root” which tells you what the action is, and the ending which tells you who is doing it and when the action takes place. There are three kinds of verb endings in Spanish: -ar, -er, -ir. I. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE To conjúgate (change) a verb, take off the ending and add the correct new ending. The endings for regular verbs in the Present indicative (basic tense) are: -AR -o -as -a -amos -áis -an -ER -o -emos -es -éis -e -en -IR -o -imos -es -ís -e -en Accents go on vosotros over the vowel of the original verb) *verbs that end in a vowel plus –cer, -cir, change the ending to –zco only in the yo form conducir-conduzco conocer-conozco obedecer-obedezco traducir-traduzco *compound verbs will follow the pattern of the root verb maldecir-maldigo contener-contengo STEM CHANGING VERBS (BOOT VERBS) Some verbs change in the stem as well. These are called stem changing verbs. You have to memorize them to know which ones will change. Only “e” and “o” change in the stem. E IE, O (sometimes E I but only with –ir verbs) UE Only the verbs in the “boot” will change in the stem. E-IE O-UE E-I pienso pensamos cuento contamos pido pedimos piensas pensáis cuentas contáis pides pedís piensa piensan cuenta cuentan pide piden Stem change with irregular “yo” decir-to say/tell tener-to have venir-to come digo decimos tengo tenemos vengo venimos dices decís tienes tenéis vienes venís dice dicen tiene tienen viene vienen REFLEXIVES The person doing the action is also the person receiving it. (Subject and the direct object are the same) Irregular verbs in the present tense estar-to be estoy estás está estamos estáis están ir-to go voy vamos vas vais va van ser-to be soy eres es somos sois son oir- to hear oigo oyes oye oímos oís oyen If the verb is conjugated it goes before. If the verb is infinitive is attaches to the end. I bathe myself- Me baño I need to bathe myself- Necesito bañarme. oler-to smell huelo olemos hueles oléis huele huelen Verbs with irregular “yo” forms caer-caigo caber-quepo decir-digo hacer-hago saber-sé salir-salgo traer-traigo valer-valgo ver-veo Congujate the verb just like normal, and then put the pronoun in the right form and place. We shave- Nos afeitamos. We want to shave- Queremos afeitarnos. dar-doy poner-pongo tener-tengo venir-vengo Some verbs are ALWAYS reflexive: atreverse, burlarse, jactarse, quejarse When using reflexive verbs with body parts or clothingdo not use a posessive pronoun (my, your, his, her)- use a definite article (the). I wash my hair.- Me lavo el pelo. NOT Me lavo mi pelo SER/ESTAR ACCENTS Ser = to be soy somos eres sois es son Estar = to be estoy estamos estás estáis está están If a word ends in “n” “s” or a vowel: the stress falls on the second to last syllable: casas If a word ends in anything else: the stress falls in on the last syllable: hablar If the stress needs to be in a place that breaks the rules: put an accent where the stress should go: lapiz Ser: PREPOSITIONS characteristics/qualities time/date/seasons origin/ nationality made of/ origin location of events identify/ define Juan es alto. Hoy es lunes. Son las 8:00 Ellos son de México. Mi libro es de papel. La fiesta es en la casa. Mi perro es pastor alemán. de- from, of en- at, in, on con- with sin- without a- to, at, by para- for por- for, by desde- from durante- during entre- between hacia- toward sobre- above, about ante, antes- before bajo, debajo de- under contra- against Remember- DO NOT CONJUGATE a verb after a preposition Estar: POR/ PARA conditions/ state – emotions, physical conditions Estoy cansado. Beto está enfermo. location of everything but events Mi mama está en casa. Mi casa está en Orem. Progressive tense (-ing – ando, iendo) Está estudiando, ahora estoy mirando la tele. *With past participle to describe a state resulted from an action. La puerta está cerrada. *Change in characteristics: Paco siempre es triste pero hoy está feliz GUSTAR Usually only use the forms “gusta” and “gustan.” It has the same idea as “to please.” The verb agrees with the thing that pleases you. “Gusta” for singular things and verbs and “gustan” for plural things. Then use the correct pronoun to show who it pleases. me te le nos os les I like pizza. = Me gusta pizza. (Pizza pleases me.) I like dogs. = Me gustan perros. (Dogs please me.) He likes to eat. = Le gusta comer. They like the elephant. = Les gusta el elefante. Other verbs like gustar: agradar fascinar molestar encantar disgustar importar ofender faltar doler indignar preocupar interesar sorprender enojar We are fascinated by soccer:= Nos fascina el fútbol. Monkeys bother me. = Me molestan los monos. It doesn‟t matter to me. = No me importa. Por: exchange, in place of amount of time method or means by, along, through because, what caused it rate/”per” expected comparison in place of Te cambio mi gato por tú perro. Estudié por 3 horas. Hablamos por teléfono. Pasan por la puerta. Recibí el regalo por mi cumpleaños Gano $5 por hora. Es inteligente por ser profesor. Trabajo por ella. Para: destination future point in time for benefit of end result, in order to for purpose of unexpected comparison Salgo para España. Necesito la tarea para el viernes. Beti trabaja para McDonalds. Estudio para recibir una A. El dinero es para comprar leche. Es muy inteligente para una rubia. GENDER Feminine: Most nouns ending in –a, -d, -ión, -umbre, -dad, and –tad Masculine: Most nouns ending in –o, -r, -l Months, days of the week, colors and oceans Cognates ending in –ma (el poema, el problema, el programa) Compound nouns: el paraguas, el saltamontes * There are some feminine nouns that use the articles “el” or “un” because of a sound conflict. These nouns begin with a stressed A or HA i.e. el águila – las águilas el alba- las albas Nouns ending in –ista, -ante have the same form masculine and feminine- the article or context determines the gender Exceptions: la mano, la foto, la moto, la flor, la sal, la cathedral, la labor, el día, el avión, el camión, el césped, el mapa, el cometa, la voz, la vez, el planeta, el pez PRONOUNS ADJECTIVES Pronouns replace nouns to make sentences more concise. Make sure they agree with what they replace. Subject Pronouns: Make sure they agree! They must agree in gender and number. If it ends in “o” they have to agree in number and gender: blanco- blanca, blancos, blancas If it ends in “a” or “e” or a consonant then it must agree in number. egoista, egoistas (don‟t change an “a” to “o”) To describe something using a noun instead of an adjective – add the preposition “de.” yo tú él ella ud. nosotros vosotros ellos ellas uds. Direct: (Directly affected by verb) me nos te os lo los la las i.e. Bob writes a letter – Bob writes it. Beto escribe una carta- Beto la escribe Indirect: ( Indirectly affected by verb) me te le nos os les Changes and Position of Adjectives: Adjectives of amount, including numbers. always go before the noun: mucho/poco (don‟t use pequeño to describe amount) bastante, suficiente, todo, varios, ambos, primero Some adjectives change form if they come befoe a singular masculine noun: bueno- buen, malo- ma, primero – primer, tercero- tercer, alguno- algún, ninguno- ningún, uno- un (change le and les to “se” in front of lo, la, los, las) i.e. Bob writes a letter to María- He writes a letter to her. Beto escribe una carta a María- Le escribe una carta. He writes it to her- Se la escribe. Placement of pronounsthey go before a conjugated verb – Lo como. they hook onto the end of 1) infinitives – Voy a comerlo. 2) positive commands – Cómelo 3) Gerunds – comiéndolo When you have 2 pronouns – indirect goes first Watch for need to add accents to maintain proper stress COMPARISONS Inequal: ser + mas/menos + adjective + que verb + más/menos + adverb + que verb + más/ menos + que tener + más/menos + noun + que mejor/peor mayor/menor “Lo Bueno” You can express the idea of „the good thing” or “the most interesting thing” by using to with the singular masculine version of the adjective. The good thing about Spanish si the teacher Lo bueno de español es la maestro Él es más bonito que ella Él canta más alto que ella Él canta más que ella Él tiene más vacas que ella Ella es mejor que él Él es mayor que ella Equal: ser/estar + tan + adgective + como Ella es tan listo como él verb + tan + adverb + como Ella canta tan fuerte como él verb + tanto como Ella canta tanto como él. tener+tanto(a,os,as)+ noun+como Ella tiene tantos libros como él Some adjectives change form if they come before any singular noun (masc. or fem.) grande –gran, cualquiera- cualquier Some adjectives change meaning if they come before or after the noun (Hint: first= figurative, last= literal) antiguo, viejo nuevo pobre grande puro simple verde único propio before former, previous new to me, another unfortunate great nothing but just, only unripe only own after old, ancient brand new no money big pure (clean) simple, not smart color green unique proper Superlatives (the most) Use the article (el, la, los, las) + más + adjective the most beautiful = la más bonita ísimo This is not a comparison –just intensified description Put it on the end of adjectives to express “very, very very ....” Very very pretty = lindisimo “c” will change to “qu” rico = riquisimo POSSESSIVES To do possessives with nouns remember to put it in the form of : the book of Bob- not Bob‟s book = el libro de Beto adjectives pronouns mi(s) nuestro(a)(s) mío(a)(s) nuestro(a)(s) tu(s) vuestro(a)(s) tuyo(a)(s) vuestro(a)(s) su(s) su(s) suyo(a)(s) suyo(a)(s) Remember that the pronoun agrees with the object being possessed: my book = mi libro my books = mis libros they are mine = son míos you book = tu libro your books = tus libros they are your books = son tuyos DEMONSTRATIVES This, that, that way over there. Check three things: singular/plural, masculine/feminine and distance from you. sing. masc plur. masc sing fem plural fem this, these- este estos esta estas that, those- ese esos esa esas that over there aquel aquellos aquella aquellas This book is blue- Este libro es azul. The neuter form – esto, eso, aquello is used only if you don‟t know what the thing is. Or if it hasn‟t been identified previously. SIMPLE COMMANDS (commands for “tú”) There are positive and negative commands. Positive commands tell a person to do something, negative commands tell a person not to do something. It has nothing to do with whether or not it is a good thing. Regular Positive Conjugation: Take the indicative tú form and take off the “s” You speak = Hablas. Speak = ¡Habla! Regular Negative Conjugation: Take the opposite tú ending AR=es ER/IR=as Don‟t eat= ¡No comas! Irregular positive “tú” commands: venir – ven tener – ten poner- pon hacer- haz decir- di salir – sal ir – ve ser – sé