Download BASIC VERB CONJUGATION A verb in its unchanged form

BASIC VERB CONJUGATION
A verb in its unchanged form (unconjugated) is called an
“infinitive” – it is infinite, it hasn‟t been limieted as to
what person or time.
When you change a verb, you are changing it to show
who is doing it and when it is being done. The 3 main
pieces of info you can get from a conjugated verb are:
WHO is doing it, WHEN it is done, and WHAT the
action is.
Verbs have 2 main parts- the “stem”/ “root” which tells
you what the action is, and the ending which tells you
who is doing it and when the action takes place.
There are three kinds of verb endings in Spanish: -ar, -er,
-ir.
I. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
To conjúgate (change) a verb, take off the ending and
add the correct new ending. The endings for regular
verbs in the Present indicative (basic tense) are:
-AR
-o
-as
-a
-amos
-áis
-an
-ER
-o -emos
-es -éis
-e -en
-IR
-o
-imos
-es -ís
-e
-en
Accents go on vosotros over the vowel of the original
verb)
*verbs that end in a vowel plus –cer, -cir, change the
ending to –zco only in the yo form
conducir-conduzco
conocer-conozco
obedecer-obedezco
traducir-traduzco
*compound verbs will follow the pattern of the root verb
maldecir-maldigo
contener-contengo
STEM CHANGING VERBS (BOOT VERBS)
Some verbs change in the stem as well. These are called
stem changing verbs. You have to memorize them to
know which ones will change.
Only “e” and “o” change in the stem. E IE, O
(sometimes E I but only with –ir verbs)
UE
Only the verbs in the “boot” will change in the stem.
E-IE
O-UE
E-I
pienso pensamos cuento contamos pido pedimos
piensas pensáis cuentas contáis pides pedís
piensa piensan cuenta cuentan pide piden
Stem change with irregular “yo”
decir-to say/tell
tener-to have
venir-to come
digo decimos tengo tenemos vengo venimos
dices decís
tienes tenéis
vienes venís
dice
dicen
tiene tienen
viene vienen
REFLEXIVES
The person doing the action is also the person receiving
it. (Subject and the direct object are the same)
Irregular verbs in the present tense
estar-to be
estoy
estás
está
estamos
estáis
están
ir-to go
voy vamos
vas
vais
va
van
ser-to be
soy
eres
es
somos
sois
son
oir- to hear
oigo
oyes
oye
oímos
oís
oyen
If the verb is conjugated it goes before. If the verb is
infinitive is attaches to the end.
I bathe myself- Me baño
I need to bathe myself- Necesito bañarme.
oler-to smell
huelo olemos
hueles oléis
huele huelen
Verbs with irregular “yo” forms
caer-caigo
caber-quepo
decir-digo
hacer-hago
saber-sé
salir-salgo
traer-traigo
valer-valgo
ver-veo
Congujate the verb just like normal, and then put the
pronoun in the right form and place.
We shave- Nos afeitamos.
We want to shave- Queremos afeitarnos.
dar-doy
poner-pongo
tener-tengo
venir-vengo
Some verbs are ALWAYS reflexive: atreverse, burlarse,
jactarse, quejarse
When using reflexive verbs with body parts or clothingdo not use a posessive pronoun (my, your, his, her)- use
a definite article (the).
I wash my hair.- Me lavo el pelo. NOT Me lavo mi pelo
SER/ESTAR
ACCENTS
Ser = to be
soy
somos
eres
sois
es
son
Estar = to be
estoy
estamos
estás
estáis
está
están
If a word ends in “n” “s” or a vowel:
the stress falls on the second to last syllable: casas
If a word ends in anything else:
the stress falls in on the last syllable: hablar
If the stress needs to be in a place that breaks the rules:
put an accent where the stress should go: lapiz
Ser:
PREPOSITIONS






characteristics/qualities
time/date/seasons
origin/ nationality
made of/ origin
location of events
identify/ define
Juan es alto.
Hoy es lunes. Son las 8:00
Ellos son de México.
Mi libro es de papel.
La fiesta es en la casa.
Mi perro es pastor alemán.
de- from, of
en- at, in, on
con- with
sin- without
a- to, at, by
para- for
por- for, by
desde- from
durante- during
entre- between hacia- toward
sobre- above, about
ante, antes- before
bajo, debajo de- under
contra- against
Remember- DO NOT CONJUGATE a verb after a preposition
Estar:
POR/ PARA





conditions/ state – emotions, physical conditions
Estoy cansado. Beto está enfermo.
location of everything but events
Mi mama está en casa. Mi casa está en Orem.
Progressive tense (-ing – ando, iendo)
Está estudiando, ahora estoy mirando la tele.
*With past participle to describe a state resulted from
an action. La puerta está cerrada.
*Change in characteristics: Paco siempre es triste
pero hoy está feliz
GUSTAR
Usually only use the forms “gusta” and “gustan.” It has the
same idea as “to please.” The verb agrees with the thing that
pleases you. “Gusta” for singular things and verbs and
“gustan” for plural things. Then use the correct pronoun to
show who it pleases.
me
te
le
nos
os
les
I like pizza. = Me gusta pizza. (Pizza pleases me.)
I like dogs. = Me gustan perros. (Dogs please me.)
He likes to eat. = Le gusta comer.
They like the elephant. = Les gusta el elefante.
Other verbs like gustar:
agradar
fascinar
molestar
encantar
disgustar
importar ofender
faltar
doler
indignar preocupar interesar
sorprender enojar
We are fascinated by soccer:= Nos fascina el fútbol.
Monkeys bother me. = Me molestan los monos.
It doesn‟t matter to me. = No me importa.
Por:
exchange, in place of
amount of time
method or means
by, along, through
because, what caused it
rate/”per”
expected comparison
in place of
Te cambio mi gato por tú perro.
Estudié por 3 horas.
Hablamos por teléfono.
Pasan por la puerta.
Recibí el regalo por mi cumpleaños
Gano $5 por hora.
Es inteligente por ser profesor.
Trabajo por ella.
Para:
destination
future point in time
for benefit of
end result, in order to
for purpose of
unexpected comparison
Salgo para España.
Necesito la tarea para el viernes.
Beti trabaja para McDonalds.
Estudio para recibir una A.
El dinero es para comprar leche.
Es muy inteligente para una rubia.
GENDER
Feminine:
Most nouns ending in –a, -d, -ión, -umbre, -dad, and –tad
Masculine:
Most nouns ending in –o, -r, -l
Months, days of the week, colors and oceans
Cognates ending in –ma (el poema, el problema, el programa)
Compound nouns: el paraguas, el saltamontes
* There are some feminine nouns that use the articles “el” or
“un” because of a sound conflict. These nouns begin with a
stressed A or HA i.e. el águila – las águilas el alba- las albas
Nouns ending in –ista, -ante have the same form masculine
and feminine- the article or context determines the gender
Exceptions: la mano, la foto, la moto, la flor, la sal, la
cathedral, la labor, el día, el avión, el camión, el césped, el
mapa, el cometa, la voz, la vez, el planeta, el pez
PRONOUNS
ADJECTIVES
Pronouns replace nouns to make sentences more concise.
Make sure they agree with what they replace.
Subject Pronouns:
Make sure they agree! They must agree in gender and number.
If it ends in “o” they have to agree in number and gender:
blanco- blanca, blancos, blancas
If it ends in “a” or “e” or a consonant then it must agree
in number.
egoista, egoistas (don‟t change an “a” to “o”)
To describe something using a noun instead of an adjective –
add the preposition “de.”
yo
tú
él
ella
ud.
nosotros
vosotros
ellos
ellas
uds.
Direct: (Directly affected by verb)
me
nos
te
os
lo
los
la
las
i.e. Bob writes a letter – Bob writes it.
Beto escribe una carta- Beto la escribe
Indirect: ( Indirectly affected by verb)
me
te
le
nos
os
les
Changes and Position of Adjectives:
Adjectives of amount, including numbers. always go before
the noun: mucho/poco (don‟t use pequeño to describe amount)
bastante, suficiente, todo, varios, ambos, primero
Some adjectives change form if they come befoe a singular
masculine noun: bueno- buen, malo- ma, primero – primer,
tercero- tercer, alguno- algún, ninguno- ningún, uno- un
(change le and les to “se” in front of lo, la, los, las)
i.e. Bob writes a letter to María- He writes a letter to her.
Beto escribe una carta a María- Le escribe una carta.
He writes it to her- Se la escribe.
Placement of pronounsthey go before a conjugated verb – Lo como.
they hook onto the end of
1) infinitives – Voy a comerlo.
2) positive commands – Cómelo
3) Gerunds – comiéndolo
When you have 2 pronouns – indirect goes first
Watch for need to add accents to maintain proper stress
COMPARISONS
Inequal:
ser + mas/menos + adjective + que
verb + más/menos + adverb + que
verb + más/ menos + que
tener + más/menos + noun + que
mejor/peor
mayor/menor
“Lo Bueno”
You can express the idea of „the good thing” or “the most
interesting thing” by using to with the singular masculine
version of the adjective.
The good thing about Spanish si the teacher
Lo bueno de español es la maestro
Él es más bonito que ella
Él canta más alto que ella
Él canta más que ella
Él tiene más vacas que ella
Ella es mejor que él
Él es mayor que ella
Equal:
ser/estar + tan + adgective + como Ella es tan listo como él
verb + tan + adverb + como
Ella canta tan fuerte como él
verb + tanto como
Ella canta tanto como él.
tener+tanto(a,os,as)+ noun+como
Ella tiene tantos libros como él
Some adjectives change form if they come before any singular
noun (masc. or fem.) grande –gran, cualquiera- cualquier
Some adjectives change meaning if they come before or after
the noun (Hint: first= figurative, last= literal)
antiguo, viejo
nuevo
pobre
grande
puro
simple
verde
único
propio
before
former, previous
new to me, another
unfortunate
great
nothing but
just, only
unripe
only
own
after
old, ancient
brand new
no money
big
pure (clean)
simple, not smart
color green
unique
proper
Superlatives (the most)
Use the article (el, la, los, las) + más + adjective
the most beautiful = la más bonita
ísimo This is not a comparison –just intensified description
Put it on the end of adjectives to express “very, very
very ....” Very very pretty = lindisimo
“c” will change to “qu” rico = riquisimo
POSSESSIVES
To do possessives with nouns remember to put it in the form
of : the book of Bob- not Bob‟s book = el libro de Beto
adjectives
pronouns
mi(s)
nuestro(a)(s) mío(a)(s) nuestro(a)(s)
tu(s)
vuestro(a)(s) tuyo(a)(s) vuestro(a)(s)
su(s)
su(s)
suyo(a)(s) suyo(a)(s)
Remember that the pronoun agrees with the object being
possessed:
my book = mi libro
my books = mis libros
they are mine = son míos
you book = tu libro
your books = tus libros
they are your books = son tuyos
DEMONSTRATIVES
This, that, that way over there. Check three things:
singular/plural, masculine/feminine and distance from you.
sing. masc plur. masc sing fem plural fem
this, these- este
estos
esta
estas
that, those- ese
esos
esa
esas
that over there aquel
aquellos
aquella
aquellas
This book is blue- Este libro es azul.
The neuter form – esto, eso, aquello is used only if you don‟t
know what the thing is. Or if it hasn‟t been identified
previously.
SIMPLE COMMANDS (commands for “tú”)
There are positive and negative commands. Positive
commands tell a person to do something, negative commands
tell a person not to do something. It has nothing to do with
whether or not it is a good thing.
Regular Positive Conjugation:
Take the indicative tú form and take off the “s”
You speak = Hablas.
Speak = ¡Habla!
Regular Negative Conjugation:
Take the opposite tú ending AR=es ER/IR=as
Don‟t eat= ¡No comas!
Irregular positive “tú” commands:
venir – ven
tener – ten
poner- pon
hacer- haz
decir- di
salir – sal
ir – ve
ser – sé