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Download Ch7, Sec3 (cont)-from the assassination of Julius Caesar to the end
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Early Empire: Octavian to the end of the Pax Romana Gaius Iulius Caesar Octavianus: Who was he? Gaius Iulius Caesar Octavianus (63BC-14AD) • Creator of the Roman Empire • Not a soldier; Rather “sickly”, probably asthma • Advantages: • Really, really smart, political genius • His best friend, Marcus Agrippa was his main general and best friend OCTAVIAN IN TOTAL CONTROL OCTAVIAN IN TOTAL CONTROL • After the battle of Actium, Octavian was the master of the Roman World • In 27BC, he formally resigned his power and returned it to the Senate. • 27BC: The Senate begged him to reconsider, and he agreed to accept the following • Consul • Proconsul of major provinces, • Pontifex Maximus. • Later he resigned the office of Consul, and was given the office of Tribune. • Offices didn’t matter; he had total power, but kept it hidden behind the trappings of the republic. Titles of Octavian • In 27BC, the Senate also granted him the title Augustus, “revered one” • He also kept the title Imperator, or military commander (“commander in chief”) • He preferred the title Princeps: 1st citizen OCTAVIAN the HUMBLE EMPEROR • Did not flaunt his power; lived & dressed simply • His house was a “normal” upper middle class house • When he had big parties he would eat a little bread and cheese • His wife Livia and his daughter Julia spun wool and made his tunics themselves • Made himself a man who stood up for traditional family values: • He made adultery illegal, • He passed laws that penalized members of the Senatorial class who did not marry; • Hepassed a law that said that women were “emancipated after having 3 children. Daughter Julia (39BC-14AD) • Married cousin Marcellus. He died • Married Marcus Agrippa, had 5 children • Married Tiberius, who hated her. • Was exiled to the island of Pandeteria when her many affairs were revealed. • Was probably starved by Tiberius after the death of Augustus What AUGUSTUS –Octavian (Emperor: 31BC-14AD) did: • Organized the city of Rome into 14 districts with police and fire protection • Totally organized the structure of the empire so that it rolled along for almost 500 years despite some incompetent or insane emperors after him (bureaucratic inertia) • Built roads, bridges aqueducts, buildings • Expanded the empire • Brought peace; started the period called the “Pax Romana” Teutoburg forest-biggest military defeat • With his friend Agrippa in charge of the army, expanded the boundaries of the empire to the Rhine & Danube rivers. Agrippa died in 12BC. Then Tiberius conquered to the Elbe River. • 3 Roman legions were ambushed and annihilated by Germans. • The Roman legions were commanded byQuinctilius Varus. • Varus’s assistant was a German named Arminius, who served in the Roman army, double-crossed Varus, and led them into a trap. • Augustus kept saying:“Quinctilius Varus, give me back my legions!” Ara Pacis • PAX ROMANA (27BC180AD) • Ara Pacis Mausoleum of Augustus Mausoleum of Augustus ROMAN GOVERNMENT DURING THE EMPIRE (27BC-476AD) • Senate & Assemblies still existed; Consuls, praetors & censors were still elected, but their power was greatly diminished • One man was actually in charge, the Emperor • There was no set way of deciding who would be the next emperor (no rule of succession) so there was often a power struggle Imperium: Augustus I Claudius Rome Death of Augustus, 14AD • On the last day of his life he asked every now and then whether there was any disturbance without on his account; then calling for a mirror, he had his hair combed and his falling jaws set straight. After that, calling in his friends and asking whether it seemed to them that he had played the comedy of life fitly, he added the tag: • “Do you think I have played part well? Then everybody clap your hands and from dismiss me from the stage with applause." • Suetonius JULIO-CLAUDIAN EMPEROR (Emperors after Augustus related to Julius Caesar) • Tiberius • Caligula • Claudius • Nero TIBERIUS (Emperor: 14AD-37AD)“tristissimus hominum” • Step-son of Augustus; son of Augustus’ wife Livia from her previous marriage. Tiberius Claudius Nero. • After his grandsons all died, Augustus adopted him, thus making him his heir, Tiberius Iulius Caesar. • Augustus had already forced him to divorce his beloved wife Vipsania and marry Augustus’ daughter Julia, whom Tiberius detested (Augustus later had to exile his daughter Julia for her numerous acts of adultery) TIBERIUS (Emperor: 14AD-37AD)“tristissimus hominum” • Excellent general, expanded Roman territory during the life of Augustus • Even before he became emperor, he was depressed, and retreated to the island of Rhodes, probably to get away from his wife Julia. • By 4AD, it was clear that Tiberius was the successor and he was recalled to Rome. • Became Emperor in 14AD TIBERIUS (Emperor: 14AD-37AD)“tristissimus hominum” • As Princeps, he was at first a very good administrator, who carefully supervised finances, balanced the budget, and chose good governors. • Eventually he became depressed and reclusive again; moved to the island of Capri and left much of the work to the head of the Praetorian Guard, Sejanus. Tiberius ruled by proxy, more or less, from Capri. TIBERIUS (Emperor: 14AD-37AD)“tristissimus hominum” • When it was clear that Sejanus was carrying out a reign of terror, he had Sejanus arrested and executed. • A few years later Tiberius died. It is said that Romans cheered. • Tiberius was succeeded by his nephew Caligula. CALIGULA(Emperor: 37AD-41AD) • Real name: Gaius Caesar Augustus Germanicus • Caligula was a nickname – meant “little boots” • When he was 20, Tiberius adopted him (Tiberius’s own son had died) • At first he was popular CALIGULA(Emperor: 37AD-41AD) • It became apparent that he was insane • Claimed to be all the gods at once. Claimed he had defeated Neptune in battle. • Ordered a statue of himself set up in the Jewish Temple in Jerusalem. This caused riots among the Jewish people • He led Roman army to the English Channel where he ordered the troops to gather seashells • Was said to be a bit too fond of his three sisters. • Was said to be planning to make his horse a consul (or senator) • Was murdered by the Praetorian Guard (after the threatened to kill members of the Senate) • Produced by Penthouse • This one is bad CLAUDIUS (Emperor 41AD-54AD) • Name: Tiberius Claudius Nero • Only member of the family who was eligible and alive (they kept murdering each other) • Physical problems: limped & drooled; thought by some to be stupid, but was actually intelligent and a scholar CLAUDIUS (Emperor 41AD-54AD) • Fairly good emperor; capable but eccentric • Built aqueducts, harbors, etc. • Conquered Britain & added it to the Empire • Adopted his wife’s son, Nero • It is thought that his wife Agrippina poisoned him with poisonous mushrooms NERO (Emperor: 54AD-68AD) • Probably the most cruel of all the emperors • Born Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, the son of Claudius’s wife Agrippina (from her previous marriage) • Adopted by Claudius as his eldest son, superseding Claudius’s own son. • Renamed Nero Claudius Caesar Drusus Germanicus • Married Octavia, Claudius’s daughter • Claudius died the next year, probably poisoned NERO (Emperor: 54AD-68AD) • At first he listened to advisors, including the philosopher Seneca. • Began to assume his own power. • Had his mother Agrippina murdered. • Divorced Octavia, and then had her killed. • Married Poppaea Sabina, the former wife of a military officer. • He killed her a few years latter • Executed many Roman senators because they questioned his actions. • Believed he was a great musician and forced people to listen to his concerts NERO (Emperor: 54AD-68AD) • Great fire of Rome, 64AD. He blamed Christians and started persecuting them. • He had an enormous palace built: The Golden House—Domus Aurea—in the middle of Rome in the area left from the first. • Plan to overthrow him in 65AD failed. He killed more aristocrats • Nevertheless most of Rome’s provinces were well governed and peaceful during this time! Government by bureaucratic inertia! NERO (Emperor: 54AD-68AD) • In 68AD, military commanders revolted. Nero was declared a public enemy. • Nero committed suicide-” What an artist dies in me!” “Army Emperors” (68AD-69AD) • The empire was in crisis due to the misrule of Nero • 3 emperors ruled a very short time – Galba, Otho, Vitellius • Chosen and supported by legions they commanded • There was no rule of succession. • 1st Galba was proclaimed by his legion. Then Otho was proclaimed by his legions and overthrew Galba. Then Vetellius was proclaimed & overthrew Otho. VESPASIAN (lived 9AD-79AD; ruled 69AD-79AD) • Then Titus Flavius Vespasianus was proclaimed emperor by his legions. He was in Egypt at the time, where he had been busy putting down a rebellion in Judea. • Then other armies around the empire started declaring themselves for Vespasian. • A friend marched on Rome from the north in support of Vespasian. • Then the Senate declared itself for Vespasian. • He had two sons, Titus and Domitian. The three of them are the Flavian dynasty. VESPASIAN (lived 9AD-79AD; ruled 69AD-79AD) • His “right hand man” was his older son, Titus. He left Titus in Judea to finish putting down the rebellion in Judea. Both Vespasian and Titus were excellent generals. Titus was his virtual co-ruler • Vespasian was born in Reate, a town north of Rome. Vespasian and his older brother were the first generation of their family to reach Senatorial status. His older brother was the first of their family in politics. • He commanded the Legio II Augusta, a key legion in the invasion of Britannia. (This happened during the time of Claudius) • He incurred the displeasure of Nero by falling asleep at one of his concerts. VESPASIAN (lived 9AD-79AD; ruled 69AD79AD) • He wanted to present himself as a down-to-earth, normal guy after Nero. And he did. • Nero had vastly overspent. He had to raise taxes to get the finances stabilized. People didn’t mind—much. But he succeeded in stabilizing finance. • Even put a tax on public toilets. Titus told he that this tax was unpopular. He replied: “Pecunia non olet!” Money doesn’t smell. • In France, a common name for a public urinal is “Vespasienne”; in Spain and (at least) some other Spanish-speaking countries, “Vespasiana”. • He was known for his sense of humor, and for being stingy. Old vespasienne in Paris VESPASIAN (lived 9AD-79AD; ruled 69AD-79AD) • He tore down Nero’s infamous “Golden House”, and began building the Colosseum, the Flavian Amphitheater, were it’s lake had been. This was to give back the land to the people. • It wasn’t finished until shortly after he died and was dedicated by Titus. • Overall, a popular and successful emperor, known for his down-to-earth personality and wit. Final words: assumed to be ironic, since he didn’t believe that emperors became gods. VESPASIAN (lived 9AD-79AD; ruled 69AD-79AD) • Interesting side story: • In his early twenties, he “dated”a woman named Antonia Caenis, who was a slave, the personal secretary of Antonia, mother of Claudius. • She was known for being highly skilled secretary and having a “photographic memory” • When he married Flavia Domitilla he broke of the relationship. His wife had their 3 children and then died. • Then he resumed his relationship with Antonia Caenis (now a freedwoman, who had made herself a fair amount of money ) , and she was his wife in all but name for the rest of her life. She was his assistant in financial matters. TITUS (lived: 39AD-81AD; ruled 79AD81AD) • Titus only ruled 3 years. Then he got a fever and died. His main contributions were as virtual co-ruler during the reign of his father. • He dedicated and opened the Flavian Amphitheater. • He was extremely popular with the Roman people. • Was the emperor when Mount Vesuvius erupted! DOMITIAN: lived 51AD-96AD; ruled 81AD-96AD • Titus Flavius Caesar Domitianus Augustus • Youth spent in the shadow of his older brother. • Vespasian was very close to his son Titus. Domitian probably felt left out. • During the reigns of Vespasian and Titus, Domitian received a lot of honors and honorary positions, but not real responsibility. Both thought he was unfit. • Some historians think he killed his brother and made it look like a sudden illness, but there is no evidence of this. • His father tried to arrange a marriage for Domitian, but he insisted on marrying Domitia Longina, whom he apparently loved dearly. Later in their marriage he sent her away for awhile but then brought her back. They don’t really love me DOMITIAN: lived 51AD-96AD; ruled 81AD-96AD • He was in some ways a very good administrator. He skillfully handled money matters, adjusting upward and downward (90% to 98% back down to 93.5%) the amount of silver in coins. In fact, he micromanaged the economy. • He built or restored many buildings. He built the Temple of Vespasian and Titus, the Arch of Titus, and put a 4th level on the Colosseum. • He sent the general Agricola to conquer Caledonia (Scotland), but then recalled him, apparently due to jealousy. • He withdrew troops from Britannia to fight in Dacia (Romania) where there was a serious threat. The situation in Dacia stabilized, and it became a relatively peaceful client kingdom. I’m good with money, but I micromanage DOMITIAN: lived 51AD-96AD; ruled 81AD-96AD • However, he abandoned the practice of pretending that the Republic still existed and talked openly about his divine right to rule. This angered the Senate. • He forbade mimes (probably the most popular form of drama) from appearing on stage, because he disliked satire. • He became a religious zealot in favor of the old Roman religion: He prosecuted the head Vestal Virgin for unchastity, and she was buried alive. He stepped up persecution of Christians. • He continued to stress the reality of his autocracy. After about 93AD, he accused and executed about 20 senatorial opponents for treason. • Shortly before Domitian was assassinated, Domitian ordered the execution of his secretary Epaphroditus. I rule!!! DOMITIAN: lived 51AD-96AD; ruled 81AD-96AD • A conspiracy to assassinated Domitian ar • A man named Stephanus was chosen to do the deed. • There had been a prediction that he would die on Sept. 18, 96AD, and he was nervous. • Domitian went to his desk to sign some decrees. Stephanus stabbed him. Domitian and Stephanus wrestled on the ground and Domitian stabbed Stephanus, he died shortly thereafter. Domitian was overpowered and stabbed by other conspirators. • He was succeeded by his advisor Nerva. NERVA: lived 30AD-96AD; ruled 96AD-98AD • The same day that Domitian was killed, the Senate declared Nerva emperor • He had been consul several times and had served under all three Flavians; an older man and a safe choice. • He is considered wise and moderate by historians. • He called an end to the treason trials • He granted land to very poor citizens • He lowered taxes for poorest Romans and abolished the special tax on Jews. • The smartest thing he did as emperor was to adopt Trajan as his heir “5 GOOD EMPERORS”-96AD-180AD • NERVA-good leader • TRAJAN – Good leader • Great general • r;uled when the empire was at its largest • HADRIAN: very gifted leader • • • • & knew all parts of the empire very well; Goal was to “Romanize” (bring Roman culture to) all parts of the Empire; patron of the arts; built Hadrian’s wall-wall between Roman Britain and Scotland-the northern boundary of the Empire • ANTONINUS PIUS- good leader • MARCUS AURELIUS-good leader & extremely good man • also a famous Stoic philosopher • After him his son Commodus-who was a very bad ruler-took power; last of the “5 Good Emperors” Trajan: lived 52AD-117AD; ruler 98AD-117AD • Marcus Ulpius Traianus • From Spain. 1st emperor not from Italy • Excellent soldier; popular & highly respected; very good administrator • Nerva made him governor of upper Germany in 96AD, then adopted him as heir in 97AD. • When Nerva died in 98AD, he first made a made a tour of inspection to see the legions along the Rhine and Danube • Entered Rome in 99AD on foot. Crowds rejoiced. He embraced each of the Senators. Was popular with both Trajan: lived 52AD-117AD; ruler 98AD-117AD • He was very “manly”: he liked to hunt, climb mountains, and genuinely liked war. • As Emperor he conquered Dacia (Romania) in 106AD. • He brought the empire to its largest extent. • He improved roads and bridges. He build a bridge across the Rhine in Dacia. • He set aside funds for the upkeep of poor children in Italy, including food and subsidized education (alimenta) • He finally had a stoke and tied. His ashes were placed in Trajan’s Column. • May you be luckier than Augustus, better than Trajan –felicior Augusto, melior Triano. The bridge over the Danube was later dismantled to protect the empire from invasion. Bridge in Spain built by Trajan Hadrian Lived 76-138AD; ruled 117-138AD • Born in Spain, a cousin of Trajan. His father died when Hadrian was young, and Trajan became his guardian. • When Trajan died, his wife presented papers adopting Hadrian as his heir, but Plotina signed them, not Trajan, so their authenticity is doubtful • Hadrian believed that the empire shouldn’t expand any more. He abandoned Trajans conquests in Mesopotamia, believing it to be indefensible. I think the empire is already big enough. Hadrian Lived 76-138AD; ruled 117138AD • Hadrian traveled almost continually through the empire. His goal was to Romanize all parts of the empire. • Hadrian loved Greek art & culture. He wrote poetry. He imitated the Greek style by wearing a beard. Some Romans thought he was a little “too much Greek”. • He built libraries, aqueducts, baths and theaters. • The original Pantheon was built by Marcus Agrippa, but Hadrian rebuilt it in the form we have it today. Oh how I love Greek art, don’t you? And don’t you love my beard? Hadrian Lived 76-138AD; ruled 117-138AD • He built permanent fortifications along the empire’s borders includingHadrian’s wall across northern England and fortifications along the Danube and Rhine mostly built of wood, • To keep the army busy, he put emphasis on military drills and spit and polish. He gave eloquent speeches to the troops • His policy was primarily one of peace, not war. The Senate resented his lack of aggressive policy. Hadrian Lived 76-138AD; ruled 117-138AD • Hadrian had a relationship with a handsome youth named Antinous from about 123AD-130AD, when Antinous drowned in the Nile on a trip to Egypt. • Hadrian was devastated by the loss. He proclaimed Antinous a deity and promoted a cult to worship him. This caught on to some extent in Greek (Hellenistic) lands. • Many statues were made of him and at least 28 temples were built to him. This was more popular in Hellenistic regions than in in Rome itself. • He adopted Antoninus Pius as his heir. • He attempted suicide several times, all thwarted by Antoninus Pius. Antoninus Pius got the Pius part of his name because he tried so hard to take care of Hadrian when he was old. • He died. Hadrian Lived 76-138AD; ruled 117-138AD Hadrian Lived 76-138AD; ruled 117-138AD Antoninus Pius Lived 86AD-161AD, ruled 138AD-161AD • No records of military campaigns in which he participated. What fighting occurred he left to his generals • His reign was the most peaceful in the entire history of the Roman Empire. • He did authorize an invasion of southern Scotland. There were some victories, and the border was pushed northward. He built the Antonine Wall. • He was a skilled administrator and builder. Built bridges, and especially aqueducts. He emphasized free access to to drinking water in Rome and throughout the empire Antoninus Pius Lived 86AD-161AD, ruled 138AD-161AD • Sent ambassador to China. • Passed laws improving treatment of slaves: • Presumption that a person had been freed if it was not clearcut. • Punishment for killing or mistreating a slave. • A Proconsul could take a slave away for constant mistreatment. • He adopted Marcus Aurelius Be kind to your slaves. Marcus Aurelius: lived 121AD-180AD, ruled 161-180AD I’m the good • He was adopted by Antoninus Pius, and also married Faustina, the daughter of Antoninus Pius • He worked with Antoninus learning the business of government from him. • Before becoming emperor, he adopted Stoicism. The basic ideas: • Divine Reason rules the world • The human soul is part of the divine reason. • You should accept what happens to you without complaint. • He wrote the “Meditations”, thought by many to be one of the great books of all time. • He made some mistakes, but historians agree that his character was impecable. old emperor who died at the beginning of the movie gladiator. Marcus Aurelius: lived 121AD180AD, ruled 161-180AD • Lots of bad things happened during his rule, but they weren’t his fault. • There were invasions in Egypt, Spain and Britain. There was a major war with Parthia (Persia). The Roman’s won the war, but the soldiers brought back a disease. • A pandemic or “plague” of smallpox or measles. It caused about 5 million deaths. Bad things can happen even to good people like me. Marcus Aurelius: lived 121AD-180AD, ruled 161-180AD SUCCESSION • There was never a rule of succession-a rule to decide who became the next emperor • Sometimes it was the son of the previous emperor, sometimes not • Often the army decided who was the next emperor