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The Great War (WWI) Modern Warfare in the remnants of the Victorian World Four “MAIN” Causes Four “MAIN” Causes • M – Militarism – build up of armies and navies to give a nation power – GR and GB Four “MAIN” Causes • A – Alliances – “friendships” between nations which they follow despite their best judgment • The Great War . Maps & Battles . Europe in 1914 | PBS • Pg. 307 in text draw these alliances in your notes. Four “MAIN” Causes • I – Imperialism – drive to dominate another nation economically, politically and socially Four “MAIN” Causes • N – Nationalism – drive by small national groups within states to gain their own nation-state • Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia nationalism, political or social philosophy in which the welfare of the nation-state as an entity is considered paramount. Nationalism is basically a collective state of mind or consciousness in which people believe their primary duty and loyalty is to the nation-state. Often nationalism implies national superiority and glorifies various national virtues. Thus love of nation may be overemphasized Key to Nation Abbreviations • • • • • • • A-H – Austria-Hungary GR – Germany IT – Italy FR – France GB – Great Britain RS – Russia USA – United States of America Timeline to a World War • Arch-duke Franz Ferdinand assassinated by the Black Hand – Serbian Nationalist group • A-H demanded revenge from Serbia • Russia backed Serbia due to Slav cultural ties • GR backed A-H due to treaty obligations • GR declared war on RS and FR • GR declared war on Belgium to invade FR • GB joined war against GR due to treaty with Belgium • Ottoman Empire joined A-H and GR • Colonies of each nation participated in the war Christmas Truce in 1914 • The Great War . Historians . Peter Simkins | PBS Socratic Circle Directions 1. Read the Socratic Circle Piece for today. 2. Circle any words or phrases that you do not understand. 3. Underline any point(s) that you believe to be significant. 4. Write three questions at the end of the reading that you would like to discuss in the circle. PMI • 2 Positives about the circle • 2 Minuses about the circle • 4 Interesting things that were discussed Alliances • Triple Entente or Allies • • • • • • • • Russia - RS France – FR Great Britain – GB United States After April 1917, United States - USA Belgium Later Italy • Triple Alliance or the Central Powers • Austria-Hungary – A-H • Germany – GR • Ottoman Empire US Reaction to WWI • Shock, isolationism and declared neutrality • Irish and GR immigrants sided with Central Powers • “old line American” with the Allies • Sold weapons, food and supplies to the Allies Unrestricted Submarine Warfare • GB blockaded Europe to prevent supplies from getting to the Central Powers • GR commenced unrestricted submarine warfare to stop supplies from getting to GB and FR - Hurt public opinion of GR in US • US starts convoy system to protect US ships • Lusitania was sunk with 1,200 people on board, 128 Americans were killed US Reaction to WWI • Espionage Act of 1917 – illegal to aid the enemy, disloyalty, refuse to serve in Armed Services, or interfere with war effort • Sedition Act of 1918 – penalties for saying anything against or obstructing sale of Liberty Bonds; saying, writing or printing anything “disloyal, profane, scurrilous or abusive” about the Constitution, Army or Navy Road to War • US repeatedly warned GR to stop unrestricted submarine warfare • Zimmerman Note sent to Mexico to suggest they attack the US (Texas) • GR did not stop and war was declared by US on April 6, 1917 (Good Friday) – Liberty Bonds went on sale – More loans to Allied Powers – General Pershing and 14,500 troops arrived in FR on June 26, 1917 Selective Service Act • US entered war with 379,000 troops, ended with 3.7 million in arms • SSA of 1917 – Drafted 21 – 30, then 18-45 year olds – 2.8 million able-bodied, unmarried, no dependents • 2 million troops crossed the Atlantic • 1.4 million saw action • 50,000 casualties War Socialism • Fixed prices, allocated materials, set priorities and what to produce • Lever Food and Fuel Control Act • Food Administration (rationing food, wheatless Weds, meatless Mondays, led by future President Hoover) • Fuel Administration – rationed gas, etc. • National War Labor Board – mediated labor disputes between unions and companies – Rejected Smith & Wesson and took over War Industries Board • Started July 1917 • Led by Bernard Baruch, Wall Street speculator – Allocated raw materials – Told manufacturers what to produce – Ordered construction of new plants – Fixed prices with Presidential approval – Standardized styles and designs New Technology in WWI • • • • • • Airplanes – fighters, bombers, transportation Submarines Motorcycles Tanks – introduced during Battle of the Somme Automobiles Chemical Warfare – Tear gas, mustard gas, nerve gas, chlorine gas Major Battles • Schlieffen Plan - GR went through Belgium to invade FR • Ypers - GR introduced gas warfare • Marne – 1st US battle, ended 5th GR offensive • Verdun - GR attack, FR stopped – 2 months – 89,000 FR, 82,000 GR dead • • • • • St. Mihiel – 1st Division, 1st US offensive Somme – GB attack on GR, GB lost 60,000 1st day Jutland – only naval battle, 1916, GB beat GR Tannenberg - GR beat RS, lead to RS Revolution Armistice Day – 11-11-18, 11th hr, 11th day, 11th mo – Now Veterans Day Treaty of Versailles • Allies won, were very angry and wanted revenge (GB and FR, Russia signed separate peace in 1916 and were left out) • President Wilson went to Europe with Fourteen Points – 14th Point was League of Nations – World organization to hopefully stop the bar fight that was the beginning of the Great War