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Europe and the Muslim World The Crusades and their effects Attempts to “win back” the Holy Land from the Muslims began with a speech by Pope Urban II in 1095; the Crusades ended in 1291. Some of the Crusades were temporarily successful, but there was no permanent success. Ironically, western Christian Crusaders sacked and looted Constantinople. The Crusades weakened the Pope and nobles. The Crusades strengthened monarchs, increasing their power as papal prestige declined and nobles lost land and wealth when going on crusades. Religious intolerance increased, leaving a legacy of bitterness among Christians, Jews, and Muslims. Trade throughout the Mediterranean area and the Middle East was stimulated, and trade by Italian cities expanded. Desire for Asian goods, particularly spices, increased. Fall of Constantinople In 1453, Muhammad II (Mehmet II), an Ottoman Turk, besieged Constantinople and defeated the Byzantine Empire. Constantinople, renamed Istanbul, became the capital of the Ottoman Empire. The Hagia Sofia was changed from a Christian cathedral to an Islamic mosque. Preservation and transfer of Greek, Roman, and Arabic cultures Increased trade and awareness of the Middle East occurred after the Crusades. Muslim and Byzantine scholars preserved Greek, Roman, and Arabic texts, including writings on philosophy, medicine, science, government, and law. Roman Church scholars working in monasteries translated documents from Greek and Arabic to Latin, thereby further preserving and transferring Greek, Roman, and Arabic culture to Western Europe. This activity laid the foundations for the rise of universities in Europe and ensured that Renaissance thinkers would have access to this scholarship. The Church began to accept the idea of using reason as the guide to truth and morality (scholasticism), an idea that stemmed from Aristotle. Exit Ticket NAME DATE CLASS 1. What was the major goal of the Crusades? 2. Who called for the First Crusade? 3. True or False: All of the Crusades were successful. 4. True or False: The Crusades increased bitterness between Muslims, Christians, and Jews. 5. What Byzantine capital fell to the Ottomans in 1453? 6. True or False: Trade decreased as a result of the Crusades. 7. What did the Church begin to use as a guide to truth and morality?