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Chapter 6: Prepositions, Conjunctions, and Interjections 8th Grade English Lesson 1: What Is a Preposition? A preposition is a word that shows a relationship between a noun or a pronoun and some other word in the sentence. Robots in outer space perform useful functions. The preposition in shows the relationship between robots and space. See pg. 152 in your hardcover book for a list of common prepositions. Some prepositions, called compound prepositions, are made up of more than one word according to, instead of, and apart from Lesson 1: What Is a Preposition? Prepositional Phrases A prepositional phrase consists of a preposition, its object, and any modifiers of the object. The object of the preposition is the noun or pronoun following the preposition. Robots conduct missions for the space program. Among their many tasks is photographing the planets. Lesson 1: What Is a Preposition? Compound Objects in Prepositional Phrases A preposition may have a compound object made up of two or more nouns joined by and or or. Robots conduct a series of tests and experiments. Experiments can be performed by robots or people. Lesson 1: What Is a Preposition? Preposition or Adverb? Sometimes the same word can be used as a preposition or as an adverb. If the word has no object, it is an adverb. The spacecraft has no gravity within its walls. The spacecraft has no gravity within. Lesson 2: Using Prepositional Phrases A prepositional phrase is always related to another word in a sentence. It modifies the word in the same way an adjective or an adverb would. Lesson 2: Using Prepositional Phrases Adjective Phrases An adjective prepositional phrase modifies a noun or a pronoun. Like an adjective, a prepositional phrase can tell which one, how many, or what kind. Robots perform several jobs in the automobile industry. The sprayer on an assembly line is an industrial robot. Lesson 2: Using Prepositional Phrases Adverb Phrases An adverb prepositional phrase modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb. An adverb prepositional phrase can tell where, when, how, why, or to what extent. Industrial robots operate from fixed positions. These robots are reprogrammable for various tasks. Lesson 2: Using Prepositional Phrases Several prepositional phrases can work together. Often, each phrase after the first modifies the object in the phrase before it. Some industrial robots load frozen slabs of meat in meat lockers with subzero temperatures. Lesson 2: Using Prepositional Phrases Placement of Prepositional Phrases When you write, try to place each prepositional phrase as close as possible to the word it modifies. Otherwise, you may confuse – or unintentionally amuse– your readers. In a chorus line, we watched fifteen robots. We watched fifteen robots in a chorus line. Lesson 3: Conjunctions A conjunction is a word used to join words or groups of words. Different kinds of conjunctions are used in different ways. Lesson 3: Conjunctions Coordinating Conjunctions A coordinating conjunction connects words used in the same way. The words joined by a conjunction can be subjects, objects, predicates, or any other kind of sentence part. Motors and software control a robot named Greg. Common Coordinating Conjunctions and, but, for, or, nor, so, yet Lesson 3: Conjunctions Use and to connect similar ideas. Cog can make eye contact and track motion. Use but or yet to contrast ideas. Cog is a computer-driven machine, but it acts like a human being. Use or or nor to introduce a choice. Kismet, another robot, can smile or look sad. Lesson 3: Conjunctions Correlative Conjunctions Correlative conjunctions are pairs of words that connect words used in the same way. Like coordinating conjunctions, correlative conjunctions can join subjects, objects, predicates, and other sentence parts. Cog moves not only its head but also its arms. Both Cog and Kismet are robots with intelligence. Lesson 3: Conjunctions Common correlative conjunctions: Both… and Neither… nor Either… or Whether… or Not only… but also Lesson 4: Interjections An interjection is a word or phrase used to express emotion. Hey, how do you like my automatic scanner? It’s fast! Wow! An interjection can stand alone or be set off by a comma. Writers often use interjections to express strong emotions such as anger, joy, concern, surprise, terror, and disgust.