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RECONSTRUCTION High Hopes & Broken Dreams 1867-1877 Why does this story matter? Fork in the road -- status quo or radically change the social fabric The choices made then, shaped the next 100 years of American history Why does this history matter to us today? BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR: A Question of FEDERALISM over the core Issue of SLAVERY From Nations Founding (Deleted Declaration & 3/5th Compromise) To Civil War (Free or Slave?) AFTER THE CIVIL WAR: The North - Union (Republican) The South - Confederate (Democrats) North won the war, but who won the peace? STAGES OF RECONSTRUCTION 1 - PRESIDENTIAL (Johnson) RECONSTRUCTION 2 – RADICAL (Republican) RECONSTRUCTION 3 - RETREAT Part I Chp. 4- Uncertainty Part I Chp.7- White Men Alone Southern Fears/Perceptions: Economic, Social, Political Insecurity Northern “Carpetbaggers” Change “Way Of Life” Negro Rule Southern Reaction: Black Codes “Black Codes”- 1 yr post war No Land No Vote No Jury Rights No Freedom of Mvmt Slavery without the Chains “To the freed man was given the machinery of liberty, but there was denied to them the steam to put it into motion. They were given the uniform of soldiers, but no arms; they were called citizens, but left only subjects; they were called Frederick free, but left almost slaves. The old Douglass master class was not deprived the power of life and death which was the soul of the relation of master and slave. They could not, of course, sell their former slaves, but they retained the power to starve them to death, and wherever this power is held, there is the power of slavery.” Reestablishing the Old OrderKu Klux Klan Lynching: Control through Terror Part I Chp. 10- Slavery Without Chains Part I Chp. 7- War on Terror Radical Reconstruction Congressional Northern Republicans Free Public Education Build Infrastructure Voting Rights Hold Political Office Testify in Court & Serve on Jury Own Property Radical Reconstruction: Constitution 1865 13th Amendment Abolished slavery Need to Ratify to Rejoin Union Radical Reconstruction: Constitution 1868 & 1870 14th Amendment: Defined Black males as Citizens - Granted protection of Civil Rights/Due Process 15th Amendment: Voting Rights to Black males Freedmen’s Bureau Provided Food, Clothes, Shelter Education Programs Employment Agency Reuniting Families Getting Married “40 Acres & a Mule” Part I Chp. 13- Radical Reconstruction (start 1:16:15) Part II Chp. 6- New Order 3. The Demise of Reconstruction Union Troops implementing Reconstruction: 200,000 Union troops at end of war 17,000 troops in 1866 20,000 troops in 1867 (Radical Rec) 9,000 troops in 1870 6,000 troops in 1876 Basically gone after 1877- why?… Playing Politics with 1876 Election- the real end of Rec. Tilden (D) vs. Hayes (R ) Down to 1 electoral vote- rested on 3 southern votes (hey-Florida again!)- Congress decides A deal is cut- Hayes will win, but North must pull federal troops out of South Remember- Lincoln was a Republican. White South will not consistently vote as Republican block again until Ronald Reagan in 1980!!!! Impact of the 1876 Election Deal Democrats rule south White supremacy again! Alliance between wealthy plantation owners and poor whites Blacks in south abandoned by federal govt Part II Chp.14- Secret Compromise RETREAT (1877) “40 Acres & Mule” Tenant Farming Return to “Old South” No Old Powers Return Why did Reconstruction Fail? “The Lost Cause” by Thomas Nast Part II Chp.15- Looking Back Accomplishments of Radical Reconstruction Free public schools (also + for whites) 1st Black participation in political activity Abolished prison debt Reduced illiteracy Abolished property qualifications for holding political office Blacks and whites worked together in politics, on social issues, etc. And “Big Picture,” after Reconstruction? Huge expansion of industry Steel- Birmingham, AL founded after war (coal, limestone,iron ore) Textile industry moves from New England to Carolinas- cheap white labor in mills, cheap black labor in nearby cotton fields, former confederate leaders to manage mills New immigration wave goes north- south does not need cheap labor- they have it! Legacy of a Failed Reconstruction: The “Color Line” -- Ingrained & Legitimized Racist Attitudes Jim Crow Laws -- Institutionalized Racism Control of work, education, housing, political life, recreation, travel, Plessy v. Ferguson 1896 (segregation), etc.. The Second Reconstruction - 1950’s & 60’s Civil Rights Movement Are we still ‘Reconstructing’ our nation?