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Reconstruction of the South 1865-1877 What happened after the surrender at Appomattox Damage to the South Your Turn Many historians criticize Southern reconstruction. What would be some rules and regulations that you would implement toward reconstruction of the South in order to allow them back in? How would you enforce them? Try to list 5 new very broad rules and regulations to help reconstruction of the South? Try and follow the Constitution if you can!!! Questions About Reconstruction • How and when should the states resume their former role? • Should the south be punished? • Equal rights for all races? • Stronger federal government? The Lincoln Plan 1863 1. Pardon offered for those Confederates who swore allegiance to Union 2. Denied pardons to highranking Confederate officials or ones that committed war crimes 3. Each state could hold a constitutional convention if 10% of voters had sworn allegiance to Union 4. States could then hold elections and rejoin the Union Conclusion • Upset the Radical Republicans who wanted to punish the South • They believed that Congress should decide on Reconstruction not Executive (standoff) • Lincoln’s untimely death allows for a different President to fight with Congress The Johnson Plan 1865 1. Pardoned Southerners who swore allegiance to the Union 2. Permitted each state to hold a constitutional convention (if they would withdraw its secession/swear allegiance to the Union) 3. States must abolish slavery by ratifying the 13th Amendment 4. States could then hold elections and rejoin the Union Conclusion • Four states admitted back to Union (La, Tn, Ar, Va) • Radical Republicans were angry that Johnson allowed Southern states back into the Union so easily • They make every attempt to dismantle his plan by gaining majority in Congress during the 1866 elections • Felt the issue of land, voting rights, and protection under law as the main objective That’s Weird???? • Many years ago in England, pub frequenters had a whistle baked into the rim, or handle, of their ceramic cups. When they needed a refill, they used the whistle to get some service. "Wet your whistle" is the phrase inspired by this practice. • Cleopatra married two of her brothers. • If a statue in the park of a person on a horse has both front legs in the air, the person died in battle. If the horse has one front leg in the air the person died as a result of wounds received in battle. If the horse has all four legs on the ground, the person died of natural causes. • Under an old Chinese law, anyone who revealed how to make silk was liable to death by torture. Reconstruction Act of 1867 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Put South under military rule by Union general (5 sections) It ordered southern states to hold new elections for delegates/constitution Ordered all qualified male voters must be allowed to vote (black and white) Barred southerners who had supported the Confederacy from voting Southern states had to guarantee equal rights Must pass 13th 14th and 15th Amendment Conclusion • South was very upset about the strict laws imposed on them in order for them to be brought back into the Union • Congress would decide how things will be done Freedmen’s Bureau • Goal is to help former slaves adjust to freedom • Provided education to 250,000 former slaves • Gave food to many black and white war refugees • Distributed confiscated land to former slaves (until Johnson gave the land back to white owners) • Carpetbaggers-Name for northern Republicans who moved to the South following the Civil War • Scalawags-Name for a white Southern Republican “Black Codes” and the Ku Klux Klan • During Reconstruction, white southerners began to try and regain control of southern government seats • Passed laws known as “Black Codes” that restricted the rights of Freedmen • The Ku Klux Klan tried to prevent freedmen from exercising their rights • By the depression of 1873 made people less interested in African Americans welfare Andrew Johnson • Johnson tried to reduce the influence of the Radical Republicans by firing Secretary of WarEdward Stanton • House voted to impeach but Senate refused to convict (by one vote) Ulysses S. Grant • The new president, Ulysses S. Grant, established anti-Klan legislation to curb violence • Administration was plagued with corruption Election of Rutherford B. Hayes • Rutherford B. Hayes won an election that was heavily contested • The Compromise of 1877 gave the election to Hayes over Tilden, but he had to remove federal troops from the southern states (this officially ended reconstruction) The End of Reconstruction • Many northerners felt nothing was being accomplish by Reconstruction • Reconstruction tended to put southern states into deeper debt • Reconstruction came to symbolize corruption and greed • The white dominated south blocked most Reconstruction legislation The Reconstruction Legacy Successes • • • • Union and war-torn south repaired Stimulated economic growth 13th/14th/15th Amendments passed Black families had access to school, jobs, and housing • South adopts system of tax-supported education system The Reconstruction Legacy Failures • Slaves became sharecroppers • White Southerners regained control of state governments and reversed Reconstruction era reforms • Racist attitudes continued in the North and South (Jim Crow Laws) • South was slow to industrialize and worker concerns were not addressed