Download TAV Chapter 11 Adv Org - Holdens

Choosing Sides
• General Winfield Scott asked __________
__________ to command the Union’s troops. 
• Lee was one of the best senior officers in
the __________ States Army. 
• Lee, however, was from Virginia, so when
his state voted to secede, Lee chose to
support the _______________. 
•
of the Union’s military officers
chose to support the Confederacy. 
_______________
• The South had a strong military
_______________.
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(pages 350–351)
Choosing Sides (cont.)
•
of the eight military colleges
were in the South, so the South had a
large number of trained army officers. 
_______________
• The North had a strong _______________
tradition. Three-fourths of the U.S.
Navy’s officers were from the North. 
• The North had a large pool of
________________________ from merchant ships.

• Most of the navy’s warships and all but
one shipyard were under
_______________control.
(pages 350–351)
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Advantages and Disadvantages
• The North’s _______________was more than
twice as large as the South’s population. 
• This gave the North an advantage in
______________________________and in supporting
the war. 
• One-third of the South’s population was
_______________. 
• Therefore, the South had _______________
people to join the army and to support the
war.
(pages 351–352)
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Advantages and Disadvantages
(cont.)
• The North’s industries gave it an
_______________advantage over the South. 
• The North had _______________of the country’s
factories. 
• It produced _______________of the nation’s pig
iron, which is used to make weapons and
equipment. 
• Almost all of the country’s firearms and
gunpowder were produced in the ________. 
• After the war began, the _____________ quickly
set up armories and foundries to produce
weapons, gunpowder, and ammunition.
(pages 351–352)
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Advantages and Disadvantages
(cont.)
• The South was able to produce large
amounts of _______________. 
• The South had only ________________________ line
for moving food and troops, however. 
• Northern troops easily _______________the
South’s rail system. 
• The North had several _______________
advantages over the South. 
• The North controlled the
______________________________and was able to
continue collecting money from tariffs.
(pages 351–352)
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Advantages and Disadvantages
(cont.)
• Northern banks loaned the federal
government money by buying
government bonds. 
• Congress passed the __________________________
Act in February 1862. 
• This created a national currency and
allowed the government to issue greencolored paper money known as
_______________. 
• The _______________ financial situation was not
good to start, and it continued to worsen.
(pages 351–352)
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Advantages and Disadvantages
(cont.)
• Southern planters and banks could not
buy _______________. 
• The Union Navy blockaded Southern
ports, so money raised by _______________trade
was greatly reduced. 
• To raise money, the South taxed its own
_______________. 
• Many Southerners _______________to pay the
taxes. 
• The South was forced to print its own
paper money, which caused rapid
_______________in the South.
(pages 351–352)
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Party Politics in the North
• As the Civil War began, there were many
Republicans and Northern Democrats
who challenged _______________policies. 
• Lincoln’s goal was to _______________the
Union, even if that meant allowing slavery
to continue. 
• The ______________________________supported the
Civil War and restoring the Union. They
opposed ending slavery. 
• The Peace Democrats, referred to by
Republicans as _______________, opposed the
war. They wanted to reunite the states by
using negotiation.
(pages 352–353)
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Party Politics in the North (cont.)
• In 1862 Congress introduced a militia law
that required states to use _______________–
the drafting of people for military service–
to fill their regiments. 
• Many Democrats opposed the law, and
riots _______________in many cities. 
• To enforce the militia law, Lincoln
suspended writs of ______________________________
–a person’s right not to be imprisoned
unless charged with a crime and given a
trial.
(pages 352–353)
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Weak Southern Government
• The Confederate constitution’s
commitment to states’ rights
_______________President Jefferson Davis’s
ability to conduct the war. 
• Many Southern leaders opposed
President ___________________________ policies.

• They objected to the _______________forcing
people to join the army. 
• They opposed _______________writs of
habeas corpus and disliked the new
_______________.
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(page 353 )
The Diplomatic Challenge
• The United States did not want
Europeans to recognize the _______________
States of America as an _______________
country. 
• The United States wanted Europeans to
_______________the Union navy’s blockade of
Southern ports. 
• The South wanted Europeans to
_______________the Confederacy and declare
the Union navy’s blockade _______________. 
• The South wanted the _______________navy to
help the South in the war.
(pages 353–354)
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The Diplomatic Challenge (cont.)
• To pressure France and Britain, Southern
planters stopped selling _______________to
these countries. 
• In 1861 the Confederacy sent
______________________________of Virginia and
______________________________of Louisiana to
Europe to be permanent ministers to
Britain and France. 
• In the ______________________________, a Union
warship intercepted the Trent, the
British ship that the two men were on,
and arrested them.
(pages 353–354)
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The Diplomatic Challenge (cont.)
• Britain demanded the _______________of the
two men and threatened war against the
United States. 
• President Lincoln _______________Mason
and Slidell, but the Confederacy failed
to gain the support of Europeans.
(pages 353–354)
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The First “Modern” War
• The Civil War was the first “_______________”
war, with new military technology and
tactics. 
• The war involved huge
_______________made up of mostly civilian
_______________who required vast amounts
of supplies and equipment. 
• New cone-shaped _______________used in
the Civil War were more accurate and
could be loaded and fired
_______________than previous bullets.
(pages 354–356)
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The First “Modern” War (cont.)
• Instead of standing in a line, troops
defending positions in the Civil War
began to use _______________and _______________to
protect themselves. 
• Attacking forces suffered _______________
casualties. 
•
–the wearing down of one
side by the other through exhaustion of
soldiers and resources–meant that the
armies had to keep replacing their
soldiers.
_______________
(pages 354–356)
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The First “Modern” War (cont.)
• Jefferson Davis wanted to wage a
defensive war of _______________against the
Union. 
• This defensive warfare outraged many
_______________. 
• Southern troops instead often went on
the _______________, charging enemy lines and
suffering large numbers of casualties.
(pages 354–356)
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The First “Modern” War (cont.)
• The Union implemented the
______________________________. 
• This strategy, proposed by
______________________________, included a blockade
of Confederate ports and sending gunboats
down the Mississippi to divide the
Confederacy.
(pages 354–356)
Checking for Understanding
Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on
the left.
__ 1. a legal order for an inquiry to
determine whether a person
has been lawfully imprisoned
__ 2. the act of wearing down by
constant harassment
__ 3. requiring people to enter
military service
__ 4. a piece of U.S. paper money
first issued by the North
during the Civil War
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A. greenback
B. conscription
C. habeas corpus
D. attrition
Mobilizing the Troops
• Confederate reinforcements at the First
Battle of Bull Run were led by Thomas J.
Jackson–_______________ _______________. 
• He became one of the most effective
commanders in the _______________ army. 
• Union commander General _______________
_______________ had his troops retreat when he
saw the Confederate reinforcements. 
• The retreat turned into a _______________ by
the Union troops.
(pages 357–358)
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Mobilizing the Troops (cont.)
• At first, many Northern and Southern men
enlisted in the _______________. 
• As the war dragged on, fewer
_______________ men enlisted. 
• The South introduced _______________ in
April 1862. 
• The North tried to get volunteers to
enlist by offering a _______________ - an
amount of money given as a bonus–to
men who enlisted for three years of
military service.
(pages 357–358)
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Mobilizing the Troops (cont.)
• Congress passed the _______________
_______________ in July 1862, giving Lincoln the
power to call state militias into federal
service. 
• In 1863 Congress introduced a
national _______________.
(pages 357–358)
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The Naval War
• By the spring of 1862, the Union navy
had _______________ all Confederate ports,
except for Charleston, South Carolina,
and Wilmington, North Carolina. 
• Lincoln wanted to cut the South’s
_______________ with the world. 
• The Union blockade became increasingly
_______________ as the war went on. 
• The Union navy, however, could not stop
all of the _______________ _______________, small,
fast vessels, used by the South to
smuggle goods past the blockade. (pages 358–360)
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The Naval War (cont.)
• Confederate ships that worked out of
foreign ports attacked Northern
_______________ ships at sea. 
• The Confederacy had two of these ships
built in _______________. 
• This _______________ the relations between the
United States and Great Britain. 
• A fleet of Union ships, led by _______________
_______________, captured New Orleans and
gained control of the lower Mississippi
River in April 1862.
(pages 358–360)
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The War in the West
• In February 1862, Union General
_______________ _______________ began a campaign
to control the Cumberland River and the
Tennessee River. 
• Control of the rivers cut _______________ in two
and gave the Union a river route deep
into Confederate territory. 
• Grant had victories at Forts _______________
and _______________. 
• He and his troops advanced down the
Tennessee River until the Confederates
launched a surprise attack at _______________.
(pages 360–361)
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The War in the West
(cont.)
• The _______________ army won the Battle of
Shiloh, but twenty thousand troops were
killed or wounded. 
• Confederate troops led by General
_______________ ______________ invaded Kentucky. 
• They were stopped by Union troops led
by General _______________ _______________
_______________ at the Battle of Perryville. 
• Buell was ordered by Lincoln to seize
_______________ and cut the rail lines that
passed there to deprive the Confederacy
of supplies they needed.
(pages 360–361)
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The War in the West (cont.)
• Buell moved too slowly, so Lincoln
replaced him with General _______________
_______________. 
• Bragg’s forces attacked Rosecrans’s
forces near _______________. 
• Union reinforcements convinced Bragg
to retreat to _______________.
(pages 360–361)
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The War in the East
• General _______________ _______________ took over
the Union army in the east after General
McDowell’s loss at the First Battle of Bull
Run. 
• The Union wanted to capture ______________. 
•
proved to be too cautious and
took too long to capture Yorktown. 
_______________
• This gave the Confederates time to move
their troops into position in _______________. 
•
also allowed his forces to
become divided by a river.
(pages 361-363)
_______________
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The War in the East (cont.)
• Confederate commander _______________
_______________ attacked McClellan’s troops,
which then suffered great casualties. 
• Robert E. Lee took over Johnston’s forces
and began a series of attacks against
McClellan known as the _______________
_______________ _______________. 
• Lee inflicted heavy _______________ on the
Union army and forced McClellan to
retreat to the _______________ River. 
• Lincoln ordered McClellan and his troops
to return to _______________.
(pages 361–363)
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The War in the East (cont.)
• As McClellan withdrew, Lee attacked the
Union forces defending _______________. 
• This became the _______________ _______________
_______________ _______________. 
• The South forced the North to _______________.

• Confederate troops were just _______________
miles from Washington.
(pages 361–363)
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The War in the East (cont.)
• Robert E. Lee and Jefferson Davis
believed that an invasion of the North
was the only way to convince the Union
to accept the South’s _______________, gain
help from _______________ _______________, and help
the Peace Democrats win control of
_______________ in upcoming elections. 
• Lee and his troops invaded _______________. 
• McClellan and his troops took position
along _______________ Creek, east of Lee.
(pages 361–363)
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The War in the East (cont.)
• The Battle of _______________ was the
bloodiest one-day battle of the war. 
• McClellan inflicted so many casualties on
the Confederate army that Lee decided to
retreat to _______________. 
• This was an important _______________ for the
Union. 
• The South lost its best chance to
_______________ _________ _______________ and support.
The defeat convinced Lincoln that it was
time to end _______________ in the South.
(pages 361–363)
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The Emancipation Proclamation
•
_______________
opposed the end of slavery. 
•
_______________
were divided on the issue. 
• Many were _______________. 
• Others, like Lincoln, did not want to lose
the _______________ of the slaveholding border
states. 
• As Union casualties rose, however,
_______________ began to agree that slavery
should end.
(pages 363)
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The Emancipation Proclamation
(cont.)
• In September of 1862, Abraham Lincoln,
encouraged by the Union victory at
Antietam, announced that he would issue
the _______________ _______________ _______________. 
• This decree would free _______________
_______________ _______________ in states still in
rebellion after January 1, 1863. 
• The Emancipation Proclamation
changed the Civil War from a conflict over
preserving the Union to a war to
_______________ _______________ _______________.
(pages 363)
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Checking for Understanding
Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on
the left.
__ 1. ship that runs through a
blockade, usually to smuggle
goods through a protected
area
__ 2. money given as a reward, as
to encourage enlistment in the
army
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A. bounty
B. blockade
runner
The Wartime Economies
• As a result of the collapse of the South’s
transportation system and the presence
of Union troops in many agricultural
regions, the South suffered severe
___________ shortages by the winter of 1862. 
• The food shortages hurt Southern
_______________ and led to _______________. 
• The North had an _______________ boom
because of the war. 
• The increased use of mechanical reapers
and mowers made farming possible with
fewer workers.
(pages 364–366)
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The Wartime Economies (cont.)
•
entered the workforce to fill
labor shortages. 
_______________
• The North produced an abundance of
_______________ for its soldiers. 
• The _______________ industry profited from
government contracts.
(pages 364–366)
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African Americans in the Military
•
were officially allowed
to enlist in the Union army and navy as a
result of the Emancipation Proclamation. 
_______________ ____________
• Thousands of African Americans joined
the _______________. 
• Many believed that serving in the military
would help end _______________. 
• The _______________ _______________ was the first
African American regiment officially
organized in the North.
(pages 366)
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Military Life
• Both Union and Confederate soldiers
suffered _______________ during the war. 
•
____________
was tasteless and often scarce. 
• Union soldiers ate _______________, a hard
biscuit made of wheat flour. 
• The Civil War produced huge numbers
of _______________. 
• During this time, doctors did not
understand infectious _______________, so
infection spread quickly in field
_______________.
(pages 366–368)
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Military Life (cont.)
• Diseases such as _______________ and
_______________ were threats facing Civil War
soldiers. 
• Doctors often _______________ arms and
legs to prevent _______________ and other
infections from spreading. 
• Besides managing family farms and
businesses, women contributed to the
Civil War by serving as _______________ to
the wounded at the battlefield.
(pages 366–368)
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Military Life (cont.)
• In 1861 _______________ _______________, the first
female physician in the United States,
started the nation’s first training program
for nurses. 
• As a result of her work, the _______________
_______________ _______________ was created. 
• This organization provided _______________
assistance and supplies to _______________
camps and hospitals. 
•
and many other
women in both the North and the South
nursed soldiers on the battlefield.
_______________ _______________
(pages 366–368)
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Military Life (cont.)
• The Civil War was a turning point for the
____________ profession in the United States. 
• At first, the Union and the Confederacy
agreed to formal prisoner _______________. 
• After the Emancipation Proclamation, the
South refused to recognize freed African
Americans as soldiers and would not
exchange them for Southern _______________
prisoners. 
• Instead, the South would either re-enslave
or execute African American prisoners. 
• In response, Lincoln stopped all
_______________ exchanges.
(pages 366–368)
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Military Life (cont.)
•
, a prison in southwest
Georgia, had no shade or shelter for
its huge population. 
_______________
• Conditions in the prison included
exposure, _______________, lack of food,
and _______________. 
• Thousands of prisoners died in the
camp. _______________ ________, the commandant
at Andersonville, was the only person
executed for war crimes during the Civil
War.
(pages 366–368)
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Vicksburg Falls
• Union forces wanted to capture
_______________, Mississippi, in order to gain
control of the Mississippi River and cut
the South in two. 
• To distract the Confederate forces
defending Vicksburg, General Grant
ordered ______________________________ to take
a troop on a cavalry raid through
Mississippi. 
• This enabled Grant to land his troops
south of _______________.
(pages 369–370)
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Vicksburg Falls (cont.)
• As the Union troops marched toward
_______________, General Grant ordered his
troops to live off the country by ____________–
searching and raiding for food. 
• Grant’s troops captured the town of
_______________and proceeded west. 
• The march ended by driving
Confederate troops back into their
defenses at _______________.
(pages 369–370)
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Vicksburg Falls (cont.)
• Grant and his Union forces put Vicksburg
under _______________–cut off its food and
supplies and bombarded the city–until the
Confederate troops surrendered on July
4, 1863. 
• The Union victory cut the Confederacy in
_______________.
(pages 369–370)
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The Road to Gettysburg
• President Lincoln fired General McClellan
because he did not destroy Robert E.
Lee’s army at _______________. 
• Lincoln gave command of the Union army
to General ______________________________. 
• Burnside ordered his troops to attack
Lee’s troops entrenched on the hills south
of _______________, Virginia. 
• The Union troops suffered enormous
casualties. Lincoln replaced Burnside
with General ______________________________.
(pages 370–372)
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The Road to Gettysburg (cont.)
• General _______________divided his troops and
left a large force at Fredericksburg to
keep Lee’s troops from moving. 
• Hooker took the rest of his army west
behind Lee’s troops to attack them from
the _______________. 
• Lee, however, knew what Hooker was
doing, so Lee also _______________his troops. 
• Lee’s troops attacked Hooker’s troops
near _______________.
(pages 370–372)
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The Road to Gettysburg (cont.)
• After Lee’s army defeated the Union
forces, Hooker decided to retreat. 
• In June 1863, Lee and his troops invaded
_______________. 
• When Hooker failed to stop Lee, Lincoln
removed Hooker and replaced him with
General ______________________________. 
• General Meade and his troops headed
north to stop Lee. Some of Lee’s troops
went to _______________. 
• There they met _______________cavalry.
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(pages 370–372)
The Road to Gettysburg (cont.)
• On July 1, 1863, the Confederates pushed
the Union troops out of Gettysburg and
into the hills to the _______________. 
• The main troops of both armies went
to the scene of the _______________. 
• On July 2 _______________attacked. 
• The Union forces held their _______________.
(pages 370–372)
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The Road to Gettysburg (cont.)
• On July 3, Lee ordered _______________ men
under the command of General George
E. Pickett and General A.P. Hill to attack
the Union troops. 
• Pickett’s forces led the attack. 
• This became known as
______________________________. 
• The Confederate troops _______________
across open farmland toward the ridge
where Union forces stood.
(pages 370–372)
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The Road to Gettysburg (cont.)
• In less than __________________________ of fighting,
the Union forces used cannons and guns
to inflict 7,000 casualties on the
Confederate force. 
• The Union forces had _______________
casualties at Gettysburg. 
• The Confederates had _______________
casualties–a third of Lee’s army.
(pages 370–372)
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The Road to Gettysburg (cont.)
• The Battle of Gettysburg was the
______________________________ of the war. 
• President Lincoln came to Gettysburg in
November 1863 to dedicate part of the
battlefield as a military _______________. 
• Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address became one
of the best-known _______________in American
history.
(pages 370–372)
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Grant Secures Tennessee
• The Union wanted to capture
_______________in order to control a major
railroad running south to Atlanta, Georgia.

• In September 1863, Union General
Rosecrans forced the Confederates
to evacuate _______________. 
• When Rosecrans’s forces advanced into
Georgia, Confederate General Bragg and
his forces attacked them at _______________
Creek. The Union forces retreated to
Chattanooga.
(pages 372–373)
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Grant Secures Tennessee (cont.)
• Lincoln sent General Meade and his
forces to _______________to help Rosecrans. 
• Lincoln reorganized the military in
the west and made General Grant
the overall _______________. 
• Grant took charge at the Battle of
_______________. 
• The Union forces attacked and defeated
the Confederates on ______________
_______________________________.
(pages 372–373)
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Grant Secures Tennessee (cont.)
• Grant ordered General
to attack
Confederates north of Missionary Ridge. 
_____________________________________________
• This attack failed, so Grant ordered
forces under General George Thomas
to launch a _______________attack on
Missionary Ridge. 
• The quick, surprise charge on Missionary
Ridge caused the Confederates to
_______________. 
• The Union army gained _______________.
(pages 372–373)
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Grant Secures Tennessee (cont.)
• Lincoln appointed General Grant general
in chief of the Union forces for his
important victories at _______________and at
_______________.
(pages 372–373)
Checking for Understanding
Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on
the left.
__ 1. a military blockade of a city or
fortified place to force it to
surrender
__ 2. to search or raid for food
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A. forage
B. siege
Grant Versus Lee
• General _____________ started a campaign
against General _____________ forces in which
warfare would continue without pause. 
• The first battle was fought in the
Wilderness near _______________, Virginia. 
• Next, Grant and his forces battled the
Confederates near _______________. 
• Grant was unable to break the
Confederate lines there, so he headed
toward ______________________________, an important
crossroads northeast of Richmond.
(pages 376–377)
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Grant Versus Lee (cont.)
• Grant launched an all-out _______________on
Lee’s forces. 
• Lee stopped Grant, whose army had
suffered heavy casualties. 
• General Grant ordered General
______________________________ and his cavalry to
raid north and west of Richmond. 
• Grant then headed south past _______________
to cross the James River. 
• Grant ordered his troops to put
_______________ under siege.
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(pages 376–377)
Union Victories in the South
• On August 5, 1864, the Union navy led by
______________________________ closed the port of
Mobile, Alabama. 
• It was the _______________ major Confederate
port on the Gulf of Mexico east of the
Mississippi River. 
• Union General _______________ marched his
troops from Chattanooga toward Atlanta. 
• In late August 1864, Sherman’s troops cut
the roads and railroads leading to
_______________.
(pages 378–379)
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Union Victories in the South (cont.)
• His troops heated the rails and twisted
them into snarls of steel nicknamed
“______________________________.” 
• Confederate General _______________
evacuated Atlanta on September 1. 
• Sherman and his troops occupied
_______________. 
• Sherman ordered all _______________to leave
Atlanta. 
• His troops _______________ everything in the
city of military value.
(pages 378–379)
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Union Victories in the South (cont.)
• The fires quickly spread and burned
down more than a _______________ of Atlanta. 
• On November 15, 1864, Sherman
began his ______________________________. 
• His troops cut a path of destruction
through Georgia in which they
ransacked _______________, burned crops,
and killed _______________. 
• They reached the coast and seized
_______________ on December 21, 1864.
(pages 378–379)
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Union Victories in the South (cont.)
• After reaching the sea, Sherman and his
troops turned _______________ toward South
Carolina. 
• The Union troops _______________, or
looted, almost everything in their path.

• They burned at least ________________________,
including South Carolina’s capital–
Columbia.
(pages 378–379)
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The South Surrenders
• The Democrats nominated General
George _______________ as their presidential
candidate in the 1864 election. 
• He promised to stop the war and
negotiate with the South to restore the
Union _______________. 
• The capture of _______________came in time
for Lincoln’s re-election. 
• Lincoln considered his re-election a
_______________, or a clear sign from the
voters, to end slavery by amending the
Constitution.
(pages 379–380)
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The South Surrenders (cont.)
• The ______________________________to the
Constitution, banning slavery in the
United States, passed the House of
Representatives on January 31, 1865 
• General Robert E. Lee surrendered to
General Grant at ______________________________on
April 9, 1865. 
• The terms of surrender guaranteed that
the United States would not prosecute
Confederate soldiers for _______________.
(pages 379–380)
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The South Surrenders (cont.)
• Lincoln gave a speech in which he
explained his plan for _______________ the
Southern states in the Union. 
• On April 14, 1865,
shot
and killed Abraham Lincoln at Ford’s
Theater. 
_____________________________________________
• Lincoln’s death _______________the nation.
(pages 379–380)
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The South Surrenders (cont.)
• The Civil War _______________ the Union and
strengthened the power of the federal
government over the states. 
• It changed American society by ending
the _______________ of African Americans. 
• The South’s society and economy were
_______________.
(pages 379–380)
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Checking for Understanding
Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on
the left.
__ 1. authorization to act given to a
representative
__ 2.
to loot or plunder
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A. pillage
B. mandate
Reviewing Key Terms
Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on
the left.
__ 1. ship that runs through a
blockade, usually to smuggle
goods through a protected
area
A.
conscription
B.
habeas corpus
C.
attrition
__ 2. requiring people to enter
military service
D.
bounty
E.
blockade
runner
__ 4. the act of wearing down by
constant harassment
F.
hardtack
G.
forage
__ 5. authorization to act given to
a representative
H.
siege
I.
pillage
J.
mandate
__ 3. to search or raid for food
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Reviewing Key Terms (cont.)
Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on
the left.
__ 6. a military blockade of a city or
fortified place to force it to
surrender
A.
conscription
B.
habeas corpus
C.
attrition
D.
bounty
E.
__ 8. a legal order for an inquiry to
determine whether a person
has been lawfully imprisoned
blockade
runner
F.
hardtack
__ 9. a hard biscuit made of wheat
flour
G.
forage
H.
siege
I.
pillage
J.
mandate
__ 7. money given as a reward, as
to encourage enlistment in the
army
__ 10. to loot or plunder
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