Download BYZANTINE EMPIRE

BYZANTINE EMPIRE
I.
INTRODUCTION TO BYZANTINE EMPIRE
A.
GENERAL REMARKS
1.
3 MAJOR INSTITUTIONS EMERGED FROM RUINS OF ROMAN WORLD
a.
BYZANTINE EMPIRE
b.
FRANKISH KINGDOM
c.
ROMAN CHURCH
2.
THESE MIXED TOGETHER WITH GREEK & BARBARIAN CULTURAL
TRADITIONS
3.
DETERMINED COURSE OF HISTORY FOR
a.
EASTERN & WESTERN EUROPE
4.
BYZANTIUM EMPIRE CIVILIZATION SYNTHESIS OF 3 ELEMENTS
a.
ROMAN GOVERNMENT
b.
CHRISTIAN RELIGION
c.
GRECO-ORIENTAL CULTURE
5.
MADE PERMANENT CONTRIBUTIONS TO MODERN CIVILIZATION
a.
CHRISTIANITY TO
(1)
EASTERN EUROPE
(2)
BALKANS
(3)
RUSSIA
(4)
MANY GERMANIC TRIBES
6.
MAJOR SOURCE OF CULTURE FOR SLAVIC PEOPLES
a.
CYRILLIC ALPHABET
b.
RELIGIOUS ART
c.
ARCHITECTURAL GENIUS
7.
NEW ROME
8.
SURVIVED 1000 YRS AFTER OLD ROME FELL
9.
PRESERVED HERITAGE OF GRECO-ROMAN CIVILIZATION
10.
IMPACTED GREATLY BY
a.
MUSLIMS
b.
MONGOLS
c.
TURKS
11.
BYZANTINE CIVILIZATION DISPLAYED ENORMOUS CAPACITY FOR
SURVIVAL
a.
MANAGING TO SURVIVE UNTIL 1453
b.
WHEN CONSTANTINOPLE CONQUERED BY MUSLIM TURKS
12.
EASTERN PROVINCES OF ROMAN EMPIRE
a.
ALWAYS RICHEST
b.
ALWAYS MOST POPULOUS
13.
AT TIMES OF GREAT CRISIS BYZANTINE STATE ALWAYS PRODUCED
ABLE RULERS
II.
CONSTANTINOPLE
A.
GENERAL REMARKS
1.
EMPEROR CONSTANTINE (4TH C)
a.
BUILT CONSTANTINOPLE ON CITY OF BYZANTIUM
b.
MOVED ADMINISTRATIVE CAPITAL THERE
2.
BUT ROME, RAVENNA, MILAN USED UNTIL DEATH OF LAST WESTERN
EMPEROR
a.
ROMULUS AUGUSTUS IN 476 A.D.
3.
LOCATED IDEALLY FOR DEFENSIVE MENTALITY
2
4.
5.
6.
ON NORTH SHORE = EUROPEAN SHORE OF BOSPHORUS
CONTROLLED ENTRANCE & EXIT TO BLACK SEA
CITY IMPREGNABLE FORTRESS BY JUSTINIAN'S TIME 6THC
a.
& REMAINED SO UNTIL TAKEN BY MUSLIM INVADERS 1453
(1)
1000 YEARS OF SUCCESSFUL FORTIFICATION
III.
ADVANTAGES FOR CHRISTIANITY ONCE OFFICIAL RELIGION
A.
GENERAL REMARKS
1.
ONCE EMPEROR THEODOSIUS MADE CHRISTIANITY OFFICIAL RELIGION
OF STATE - 380 A.D.
2.
THEN SPECIFIC PRIVILEGES GRANTED BY GOVT TO X
3.
PRIVILEGES
a.
CHURCH RECEIVED WEALTH OF PAGAN TEMPLES
b.
CHURCH RECEIVED PAGAN TEMPLES
c.
COULD RECEIVE LEGACIES
d.
CLERGY EXEMPT FROM TAXATION
e.
CLERGY EXEMPT FROM MILITARY SERVICE
f.
BISHOPS COULD ACT AS JUDGES IN ALL CIVIL DISPUTES
INVOLVING A CHRISTIAN
g.
RIGHT OF SANCTUARY
(1)
RIGHT MORE IMPORTANT PAGAN TEMPLES HAD
4.
CHURCH BECAME PRIVILEGED CORPORATION
IV.
CHRISTIANITY & PERSECUTION OF OTHER RELIGIONS
A.
GENERAL REMARKS
1.
ONCE CHRISTIANITY BACKED BY GOVT
2.
ITS COERCIVE POWER BACK BY GOVT TOO
3.
NOW CHURCH'S PERSECUTIONS EFFECTIVE
4.
CHURCH TARGETED 3 GROUPS
a.
PAGANS
b.
JEWS
c.
HERETICS
B.
NESTORISM HERESY
1.
NESTORIUS
a.
PRIEST OF ANTIOCH
b.
BECAME BISHOP OF CONSTANTINOPLE IN 428
2.
NESTORIUS INSISTED ON CLEAR SEPARATION BETWEEN 2 NATURES OF
CHRIST
a.
NESTORIUS INCLINED TO EMPHASIZE HIS HUMAN ELEMENT
b.
MARY MOTHER OF MAN JESUS BUT NOT MOTHER OF GOD JESUS
3.
DOCTRINE ATTACKED
a.
CONDEMNED BY COUNCIL OF EPHESUS - 431
b.
TRADITIONAL FORMULA MARY MOTHER OF GOD REAFFIRMED
c.
NESTORIUS SENT INTO EXILE
4.
MANY NESTORIANS LEFT EMPIRE
a.
SETTLED IN PERSIA
b.
EVENTUALLY SPREAD ALL OVER ASIA
c.
EVEN NESTORIAN CHURCHES IN CHINA
C.
MONPHYSITISM
1.
GREEK WORDS = 1 NATURE
2.
CHRIST HAD ONLY SINGLE NATURE
3
3.
4.
V.
a.
A DIVINE ONE
POPE LEO WROTE TOME
a.
DEFINITIVE EXPLANATION OF ORTHODOX FAITH
CHURCH OF EGYPT REMAINED MONOPHYSITE
EMPEROR JUSTINIAN 527-565
A.
GENERAL REMARKS
1.
RULED 47 YRS
2.
HE AIMED TO RESTORE ROMAN INSTITUTIONS & CIVILIZATION TO
MEDITERRANEAN WORLD
a.
TAKEN OVER BY BARBARIAN TRIBES
3.
HIS ACCOMPLISHMENTS
a.
REORGANIZED BYZANTINE STATE
b.
CODIFIED ROMAN LAW
c.
ENRICHED C. WITH SPLENDID NEW BUILDINGS
(1)
INCLUDING HAGIA SOPHIA
(a)
1 OF MOST MAGNIFICENT CHRISTIAN CHURCHES
EVER
B.
SOURCES USED TO RECONSTRUCT THIS PERIOD OF HISTORY
1.
PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA 500-562
a.
BECAME PRIVATE SECRETARY TO GENERAL BELISARUS
b.
WROTE 3 HISTORIES OF TIME
(1)
HISTORY OF WARS
(a)
JUSTINIAN'S WARS OF CONQUEST IN AFRICA, ITALY
& PERSIA
(2)
ON BUILDING
(a)
PRAISE OF EMPERORS FOR ARCHITECTURAL
ACHIEVEMENTS
(3)
SECRET HISTORY
(a)
RACY EXPOSE OF SCANDALOUS TIMES
C.
HOW JUSTINIAN SUCCESSFUL
1.
HE CHOSE
a.
BRILLIANT GENERALS
b.
JURISTS
c.
ARTISTS
d.
SUITABLE WIFE
D.
THEODORA
1.
WITH ALL LADIES OF BYZANTIUM TO PICK FROM
2.
HE SELECTED LOW-BORN ACTRESS & PROSTITUTE
3.
MAYBE NOT SO REMARKABLE FOR EMPEROR TO WANT TO MARRY A
PROSTITUTE
4.
BUT UNUSUAL THING IS HE SUCCEEDED IN FINDING ONE WHO MADE
SPLENDID EMPRESS
5.
THEODORA
a.
INTELLIGENT
b.
PROUD
c.
COURAGEOUS
6.
MORE THAN 20 YRS VIRTUALLY CO-RULER
7.
EARLY PART OF REIGN EVEN SAVED HIS THRONE FOR HIM
E.
ROMAN LAW CODIFICATION
1.
HIS MOST INFLUENTIAL WORK
4
a.
CODIFICATION OF ROMAN LAW
SINCE EARLIEST DAYS ROMAN REPUBLIC
a.
ROMAN LAW GROWING & CHANGING TO MEET NEW CONDITIONS
3.
IT COMPOSED OF
a.
LEGISLATION BY SUCH AUTHORITIES AS
(1)
SENATE
(2)
EMPERORS
b.
DECISIONS MADE BY JUDGES
c.
COMMENTS OF DISTINGUISHED JURISTS
4.
MASS OF LAW BY 3RD C
a.
JUS VETUS = OLD LAW
5.
FROM 4TH C ON
a.
NEARLY ALL LEGISLATION BY IMPERIAL EDICT
(1)
CALLED JUS NOVUM = NEW LAW
6.
ROMAN LAW DEALT IN SUBTLE DETAIL WITH
a.
ALL PROBLEMS ARISING WHEN SO MANY PEOPLE LIVE
TOGETHER
b.
MANY CENTURIES TRANSPIRED BEFORE QUESTIONS AROSE FOR
WHICH NO ANSWER
7.
BUT GROWTH HAPHAZARD
a.
SO FULL OF OBSCURITIES
b.
& INTERNAL CONTRADICTIONS
8.
JUSTINIAN DECIDED TO ELIMINATE ALL PROBLEMS
9.
PROCESS
a.
JURISTS CODIFIED JUST NOVUM
(1)
CODEX JUSTINIANUS
b.
COMMISSION TO COPE WITH JUS VETUS
(1)
MORE FORMIDABLE PROJECT
(2)
BECAME 50 BOOKS = DIGEST
10.
TERSE SUMMARY OF MAIN PRINCIPLES OF ROMAN LAW
a.
USED AS TEXTBOOK
b.
INSTITUTES
11.
EARLIER LAWS SAID POWER OF EMPEROR DERIVED FROM PEOPLE
a.
EVEN EMPEROR TO BE UNDER LAWS
(1)
SHADES OF MAGNA CARTA
12.
LATER LAWS ABSOLUTIST IN TONE
13.
SO ROMAN LAW COULD & WAS USED TO SUPPORT
a.
BOTH ABSOLUTIST
b.
& DEMOCRATIC THEORIES OF STATE
14.
WHEN REDISCOVERED IN WEST AFTER BEING LOST FOR CENTURIES
DURING EARLY MIDDLE AGES
a.
HAD PROFOUND INFLUENCE ON
(1)
MEDIEVAL LAW
(2)
& POLITICAL THEORY
BEAUTIFICATION OF CONSTANTINOPLE
1.
GREATEST MONUMENT HAGIA SOPHIA (HOLY WISDOM)
2.
NOTHING BUILT ON SUCH SCALE AGAIN
3.
BUILT ROYAL COURT COMPLEX
4.
PLUS 34 MORE CHURCHES
5.
PUBLIC WORKS PROJECTS
a.
ROADS
2.
F.
5
b.
c.
d.
G.
VI.
BRIDGES
PUBLIC BATHS
COLOSSAL UNDERGROUND RESERVOIRS TO HOLD CITY'S WATER
SUPPLY
e.
HOSPITALS
f.
SCHOOLS
g.
MONASTERIES
EMPERORS FOLLOWING JUSTINIAN
1.
JUSTINIAN TRANSITIONAL FIGURE BETWEEN LATIN & GREEK
2.
HE LAST BYZANTINE EMPEROR WHO SPOKE LATIN AS NATIVE TONGUE
3.
WHO CARED DEEPLY ABOVE REVIVAL OF LATIN CULTURE
4.
& RECOVERY OF LATIN-SPEAKING PROVINCES OF WEST
5.
WITHIN 50 YRS HIS DEATH
a.
COURT & GOVT OF EMPIRE GREEK
6.
LOMBARDS OVER RAN ITALIAN PENINSULA
7.
BY 751 EVEN RAVENNA SEIZED
8.
THEREAFTER BYZANTINE EMPIRE REMAINED IN BALKAN REGION AND
MIDDLE EAST
9.
EAST AND WEST OF ROMAN EMPIRE SPLIT
ICONOCLASTIC MOVEMENT
A.
GENERAL REMARKS
1.
MOMENTOUS TIME IN BYZANTINE HISTORY
2.
LED TO PERMANENT SCHISM
a.
ORTHODOX CHURCH
b.
ROMAN CATHOLICISM
B.
DEFINITION
1.
INSISTENCE OF CERTAIN BYZANTINE EMPERORS & CHURCH LEADERS
a.
RELIGIOUS IMAGES IDOLS
(1)
MUST BE REMOVED FROM CHURCHES
b.
IDOLS PORTRAYED DEMON,
(1)
FOCUS OF EVIL
2.
PAGAN TEMPLES STRIPPED OF MUCH OF THEIR GREAT ARTWORK
WHEN CHRISTIANITY BECAME OFFICIAL RELIGION
3.
TO SMASH IDOLS IS STRONG FEATURE OF CHRISTIANITY
4.
BEGIN 8TH C.
a.
MANY SAINTS OR RELIGIOUS HEROES OF CHURCH
b.
FORMED NB ELEMENT OF ORTHODOX DEVOTION
c.
CHURCHES FULL OF BEAUTIFUL ICONS OF MARY & SAINTS
d.
BELIEVED ICONS TO HAVE SPIRITUAL POWER
e.
COULD INTERCEDE FOR YOU WITH GOD
5.
MIRACLES HAPPENED IN VICINITY OF ICONS
6.
BYZANTINE ARMY CARRIED ICONS INTO BATTLE
7.
SEVERAL TIMES ICONS OF VIRGIN MARY
a.
MIRACULOUSLY PREVENTED BYZANTIUM LOOSING
8.
EMPEROR LEO III - 736
a.
DECREED
(1)
ALL ICONS BE REMOVED FROM CHURCHES
b.
PATRIARCH REFUSED
c.
LEO REMOVED HIM FROM OFFICE
9.
FINALLY 787 EMPEROR SAID ICONOCLASM WRONG
6
10.
11.
VII.
ICONS RESTORED TO CHURCHES
MEANWHILE BISHOP OF ROME USED DESTRUCTION OF RELIGIOUS
IMAGES AS EXCUSE
a.
TO LEAD HIS LATIN-RITE CHURCHES
b.
AWAY FROM AUTHORITY OF BYZANTINE EMPEROR ENTIRELY
MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION ON BYZANTINE
A.
EMPEROR - HEAD OF CHURCH & STATE
1.
EMPEROR CHRISTS'S REPRESENTATIVE ON EARTH
2.
BYZANTIUM KINGDOM OF CHRIST ON EARTH
3.
EMPEROR CHOSEN BY GOD TO RULE
4.
CALLED CAESAROPAPISM
5.
NO SEPARATION OF CHURCH & STATE
6.
NO VERY DIFFERENT FROM OLD BELIEF EMPEROR DIVINE, GOD-KING
7.
COURT RITUAL LIKE ATTENDING CHURCH
B.
POLITICAL OR AMUSEMENT SPORTS
1.
ROMAN FEATURE BYZANTINES KEPT
a.
IDEA OF BREAD & CIRCUSES
2.
WHEN CONSTANTINE BUILT HIS NEW CAPITAL
a.
HUGE STADIUM CONSTRUCTED
(1)
HIPPODROME
b.
HUGE AMPHITHEATER
c.
BRICK COVERED BY MARBLE
3.
RACES ENORMOUSLY POPULAR
a.
FACTIONS SPILLED OUT INTO CITY POLITICAL STRUCTURE
4.
BLUES & GREENS LIKE
a.
PARTY POLITICS, GANGS, SCHOOL OPPONENTS, SPORT FANS FOR
OPPOSING TEAMS
b.
ALL ROLLED TOGETHER
5.
JUSTINIAN NEARLY LOST THRONE
a.
NIKA REBELLION
b.
SERIES OF RIOTS BETWEEN BLUES & GREENS