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Timeline • 1780s-First Industrial Revolution begins in Britain • 1790s to 1914-European and American Imperialism – 1790s-India – 1840s-China – 1850s-Japan – 1880s-Africa and Southeast Asia Timeline (cont.) • 1860-1865-US Civil War • 1860-1914-US Industrialization and Expansion • 1870-1914-Second Industrial Revolution in US and Britain • 1871-Second German Empire (Reich) begins Timeline (cont.) • 1882-Triple Alliance – Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy • 1898-Spanish-American War • 1907-Triple Entente – Great Britain, France, Russia • 1914-World War I begins Results of Industrialization • Expanded freedoms and civil liberties • Constitutions and parliaments in European countries • Universal male suffrage (still not women) • Rise of political parties to influence new voters • Political democracy flourished in Great Britain and France Political Conservatism • As liberalism dominated Western Europe the Old Order (conservative) prevailed in Central and Eastern Europe • Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia Political Conservatism (cont.) • Germany (Second Reich) – William II (Prussia) remained Emperor – Directed by Chancellor Otto von Bismarck – Allied with Austria-Hungary in 1879 • One cause of World War I – By 1918 Germany was the strongest military (Militarism) and industrial power in Europe Political Conservatism (cont.) • Austria-Hungary – Francis Joseph remained Emperor – Strong nationalist feelings (Nationalism) and uprisings in subject countries would be one cause of World War I – People wanted their own independent country Political Conservatism (cont.) • Russia – Czar Nicholas II (r.1894) • Growth in industry and working class – Led to poor living and working conditions – Rise of the Socialist movement in Russia Political Conservatism (cont.) • Russia (cont.) – 1905-First Russian Revolution – Winter Palace in St. Petersburg – Czar’s troops open fire on protesting workers – “Bloody Sunday” – Led to massive worker strikes (Internal Dissent) all over Russia Long Term Causes of World War I 1914-1919 • Militarism-aggressive military expansion – Aided by the Industrial Revolution • Alliances – Germany and Austria Hungary • Nationalism and Internal Dissent – All over Western and Eastern Europe • Imperialism Imperialism 1790s-1914 What is Imperialism? • Policy of extending a country’s influence and power over less powerful states • Competition for power among countries of the world Road to Imperialism • Industrial Revolution led to: – Competition among countries • Need for expanded markets • Access to natural resources – Commercial Expansion/Business Opportunities Motives to Imperialism • Nationalism – Country with the most colonies wins • Military Glory • Fueling bases for shipping • Outlet for expanding European populations Motives to Imperialism (cont.) • Social Darwinism – “survival of the fittest” – justification for inequality • Spread of Western Civilization and Christianity – “white man’s burden” “white man’s burden” • Belief Europeans had a moral responsibility to civilize primitive people • Assumes a racial, intellectual, and spiritual superiority Reasons for Success of Imperialism • • • • Better Technology Strong Economies Well organized governments Powerful armies and navies Outcomes of Imperialism • Improved infrastructure – Roads, railroads, telegraphs • • • • Disrupted indigenous civilizations Kept wages low and taxes high Breakdown of traditional life Forced religious beliefs and social values New Imperialism Forms of Imperial Control • Protectorates – Political unit dependent on another for protection • Direct Rule – Local elites removed by power and replaced with a new set of officials from the mother country • Indirect Rule – Allowed existing local rulers to maintain positions of authority in the new colonial setting Major Imperialist Countries • Great Britain • France • United States (Expansionism) – Manifest Destiny • Germany Major Areas of Imperialism • • • • • India China Japan Africa Southeast Asia and the Pacific India • East India Company, English – Chartered company-trading company backed by royal charter to monopolize trade – Largest European trader in Asia – Became mechanism of colonial rule sepoys • Indian soldiers hired by the East India Company to maintain control in India First War of Independence (Indian name) • A.K.A.-Sepoy Mutiny (British name) • Stemmed from a growing distrust of the British by the people of India • Began by Indian sepoys in the army of the East India Company • Rebellion did not succeed Mutiny Aftermath • After the Sepoy Mutiny control of India was transferred directly to the Britain Crown(1858) • Queen Victoria – Became Empress of India in 1876 Viceroys • Form of direct rule • British monarchy’s representative rulers British Imperialism in India • Negatives – Corrupt tax collection system – Destruction of local industries (British manufactured goods, textiles) – Reduction of food production (British convinced farmers to grow cotton instead of food) – Inequality – Led to Nationalist Movement in India British Imperialism in India (cont.) • Positives – Order and stability – Schools – Infrastructure • Railroads and telegraphs • Roads • Postal System Lord Thomas Macaulay • British historian • Designed a new system in India • Train Indian children to serve in the colonial government and army Indian National Congress • Began as a movement to share rule with Britain • Under Gandhi the goal was immediate independence for India and Pakistan Mohandas Gandhi • • • • Indian nationalist Practiced law in South Africa Practiced civil disobedience Led nonviolent movement for Indian independence from Britain • President of the Indian National Congress (1925-34) • Assassinated by Hindu extremist Nathuram Godse Rabindranath Tagore • Indian author, social reformer, spiritual leader, educator, philosopher, singer, and painter • Promoted Indian Nationalism Africa Muhammad Ali • Seized power in Egypt in 1805 • Established a separate Egyptian state Boers • Dutch for “farmer” • Also known as white Afrikaners • Descendants of the original Dutch (Netherlands) settlers of Cape Town and the surrounding areas of South Africa • Belief in predestination led to apartheid Apartheid • Means “separateness” in Afrikaans (language) • Races separated into 4 categories: – White, Black, Mixed, Asian • Everything separated – Housing, work, education, religion, sports • Denied the vote to Black people Apartheid (cont.) • Nelson Mandela – Activist for the African National Congress – Worked to end apartheid • Jailed in 1962 • Released 1990 (28 Years) • Internal turmoil and international pressures brought an end to apartheid in 1994 • Mandela was elected President in South Africa’s first democratic election David Livingstone • Scottish missionary and explorer • Explored Africa and discovered – Zambezi River (1851) – Victoria Falls (1855) • Went missing (1869) found by Henry Stanley in Central Africa (1871) Henry Stanley • British explorer, newspaper reporter • Hired by King Leopold II of Belgium to find Livingstone in Africa • “Dr. Livingstone I presume?” • Continued exploring Africa Liberia and Ethiopia • Only free states remaining in Africa after 1914 • Liberia-established in 1824 • Ethiopia-established 1855 US Imperialism in Latin America • • • • 1898-Spanish American War Cuba becomes a US protectorate Puerto Rico annexed Support of a successful Panamanian rebellion against Columbia gave the US access to lands that would become the Panama Canal(1914) • US troops sent to Latin America to protect economic interests Imperialism in Southeast Asia • Great Britain, France, US increase presence and influence in SE Asia • Great Britain-New colony of Singapore (1819) became an important refueling station • French- Seized Hanoi in 1884 and made Vietnam a protectorate • United States- During the Spanish American War (1898) Commodore George Dewey defeats the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay – Philippines become a US colony – “Stepping stone” to China Colonial Economies • Limited by parent country to stay dependent • Massive export of raw materials • Low wages • High taxes • Improved infrastructure Resistance to Imperialism • Unhappy being governed by Western power • Peasant revolts • Resistance movements begun by new middle class and student nationalists Imperialism in China • Opium Wars (1883-1842) – Great Britain vs China based on Chinese blockade of Opium • British defeat the Chinese and create the Treaty of Nanjing – Beginning of Western influence in China Western Competition • Western countries begin competing for control of China • Created spheres of influence – Imperial powers had exclusive trading rights in areas of China Open Door Policy • Based on a series of letters written (1899) by Secretary of State John Hay • Equal access to Chinese trade • Sustain the integrity of the Chinese Empire • Created an open market in China and weakened spheres on influence Effects of Western Influence on China • Decline of Confucian beliefs • Increased popularity of Western literature influenced Chinese literature • Rise of the urban middle class Imperialism in Japan • Japan remained isolated from Western Powers at the beginning of the Nineteenth Century • Attempt to open trade with Japan • Commodore Matthew Perry arrives with US Fleet in 1853 • Under military pressure the Japanese sign the Treaty of Kanagawa – Opened ports to the Western traders Resistance to Western Influence • In an attempt to embrace Western influence the Sat-Cho samurai capture Kyoto and restore the Emperor to power – Meiji Restoration Reforms under the Meiji • • • • • Abolish old order Adopt western model of government Industrialization Universal education Communication and transportation improvements • New modern military Imperial Japan • 1874-Japanese begin imperial expansion – Port Arthur in China – Korea – Taiwan • Japanese Navy defeats Russian Navy in 1905 • This event signified the arrival of Japan as a world power