Download Imperialism

Timeline
• 1780s-First Industrial Revolution begins in
Britain
• 1790s to 1914-European and American
Imperialism
– 1790s-India
– 1840s-China
– 1850s-Japan
– 1880s-Africa and Southeast Asia
Timeline (cont.)
• 1860-1865-US Civil War
• 1860-1914-US Industrialization and Expansion
• 1870-1914-Second Industrial Revolution in US
and Britain
• 1871-Second German Empire (Reich) begins
Timeline (cont.)
• 1882-Triple Alliance
– Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
• 1898-Spanish-American War
• 1907-Triple Entente
– Great Britain, France, Russia
• 1914-World War I begins
Results of Industrialization
• Expanded freedoms and civil liberties
• Constitutions and parliaments in European
countries
• Universal male suffrage (still not women)
• Rise of political parties to influence new
voters
• Political democracy flourished in Great
Britain and France
Political Conservatism
• As liberalism dominated Western Europe
the Old Order (conservative) prevailed in
Central and Eastern Europe
• Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia
Political Conservatism (cont.)
• Germany (Second Reich)
– William II (Prussia) remained Emperor
– Directed by Chancellor Otto von Bismarck
– Allied with Austria-Hungary in 1879
• One cause of World War I
– By 1918 Germany was the strongest military
(Militarism) and industrial power in Europe
Political Conservatism (cont.)
• Austria-Hungary
– Francis Joseph remained Emperor
– Strong nationalist feelings (Nationalism) and
uprisings in subject countries would be one
cause of World War I
– People wanted their own independent country
Political Conservatism (cont.)
• Russia
– Czar Nicholas II (r.1894)
• Growth in industry and working class
– Led to poor living and working conditions
– Rise of the Socialist movement in Russia
Political Conservatism (cont.)
• Russia (cont.)
– 1905-First Russian Revolution
– Winter Palace in St. Petersburg
– Czar’s troops open fire on protesting workers
– “Bloody Sunday”
– Led to massive worker strikes (Internal
Dissent) all over Russia
Long Term Causes of World War I
1914-1919
• Militarism-aggressive military expansion
– Aided by the Industrial Revolution
• Alliances
– Germany and Austria Hungary
• Nationalism and Internal Dissent
– All over Western and Eastern Europe
• Imperialism
Imperialism
1790s-1914
What is Imperialism?
• Policy of extending a country’s influence
and power over less powerful states
• Competition for power among countries of
the world
Road to Imperialism
• Industrial Revolution led to:
– Competition among countries
• Need for expanded markets
• Access to natural resources
– Commercial Expansion/Business
Opportunities
Motives to Imperialism
• Nationalism
– Country with the most colonies wins
• Military Glory
• Fueling bases for shipping
• Outlet for expanding European
populations
Motives to Imperialism (cont.)
• Social Darwinism
– “survival of the fittest”
– justification for inequality
• Spread of Western Civilization and
Christianity
– “white man’s burden”
“white man’s burden”
• Belief Europeans had a moral
responsibility to civilize primitive people
• Assumes a racial, intellectual, and spiritual
superiority
Reasons for Success of
Imperialism
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Better Technology
Strong Economies
Well organized governments
Powerful armies and navies
Outcomes of Imperialism
• Improved infrastructure
– Roads, railroads, telegraphs
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Disrupted indigenous civilizations
Kept wages low and taxes high
Breakdown of traditional life
Forced religious beliefs and social values
New Imperialism
Forms of Imperial Control
• Protectorates
– Political unit dependent on another for protection
• Direct Rule
– Local elites removed by power and replaced with a
new set of officials from the mother country
• Indirect Rule
– Allowed existing local rulers to maintain positions of
authority in the new colonial setting
Major Imperialist Countries
• Great Britain
• France
• United States (Expansionism)
– Manifest Destiny
• Germany
Major Areas of Imperialism
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India
China
Japan
Africa
Southeast Asia and the Pacific
India
• East India Company, English
– Chartered company-trading company backed
by royal charter to monopolize trade
– Largest European trader in Asia
– Became mechanism of colonial rule
sepoys
• Indian soldiers hired by the East India
Company to maintain control in India
First War of Independence
(Indian name)
• A.K.A.-Sepoy Mutiny (British name)
• Stemmed from a growing distrust of the
British by the people of India
• Began by Indian sepoys in the army of the
East India Company
• Rebellion did not succeed
Mutiny Aftermath
• After the Sepoy Mutiny control of India
was transferred directly to the Britain
Crown(1858)
• Queen Victoria
– Became Empress of India in 1876
Viceroys
• Form of direct rule
• British monarchy’s representative rulers
British Imperialism in India
• Negatives
– Corrupt tax collection system
– Destruction of local industries (British manufactured
goods, textiles)
– Reduction of food production (British convinced
farmers to grow cotton instead of food)
– Inequality
– Led to Nationalist Movement in India
British Imperialism in India
(cont.)
• Positives
– Order and stability
– Schools
– Infrastructure
• Railroads and telegraphs
• Roads
• Postal System
Lord Thomas Macaulay
• British historian
• Designed a new system in India
• Train Indian children to serve in the
colonial government and army
Indian National Congress
• Began as a movement to share rule with
Britain
• Under Gandhi the goal was immediate
independence for India and Pakistan
Mohandas Gandhi
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Indian nationalist
Practiced law in South Africa
Practiced civil disobedience
Led nonviolent movement for Indian
independence from Britain
• President of the Indian National Congress
(1925-34)
• Assassinated by Hindu extremist
Nathuram Godse
Rabindranath Tagore
• Indian author, social reformer, spiritual
leader, educator, philosopher, singer, and
painter
• Promoted Indian Nationalism
Africa
Muhammad Ali
• Seized power in Egypt in 1805
• Established a separate Egyptian state
Boers
• Dutch for “farmer”
• Also known as white Afrikaners
• Descendants of the original Dutch
(Netherlands) settlers of Cape Town and
the surrounding areas of South Africa
• Belief in predestination led to apartheid
Apartheid
• Means “separateness” in Afrikaans
(language)
• Races separated into 4 categories:
– White, Black, Mixed, Asian
• Everything separated
– Housing, work, education, religion, sports
• Denied the vote to Black people
Apartheid (cont.)
• Nelson Mandela
– Activist for the African National Congress
– Worked to end apartheid
• Jailed in 1962
• Released 1990 (28 Years)
• Internal turmoil and international pressures
brought an end to apartheid in 1994
• Mandela was elected President in South
Africa’s first democratic election
David Livingstone
• Scottish missionary and explorer
• Explored Africa and discovered
– Zambezi River (1851)
– Victoria Falls (1855)
• Went missing (1869) found by Henry
Stanley in Central Africa (1871)
Henry Stanley
• British explorer, newspaper reporter
• Hired by King Leopold II of Belgium to find
Livingstone in Africa
• “Dr. Livingstone I presume?”
• Continued exploring Africa
Liberia and Ethiopia
• Only free states remaining in Africa after
1914
• Liberia-established in 1824
• Ethiopia-established 1855
US Imperialism in Latin America
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1898-Spanish American War
Cuba becomes a US protectorate
Puerto Rico annexed
Support of a successful Panamanian
rebellion against Columbia gave the US
access to lands that would become the
Panama Canal(1914)
• US troops sent to Latin America to protect
economic interests
Imperialism in Southeast Asia
• Great Britain, France, US increase presence and
influence in SE Asia
• Great Britain-New colony of Singapore (1819) became
an important refueling station
• French- Seized Hanoi in 1884 and made Vietnam a
protectorate
• United States- During the Spanish American War (1898)
Commodore George Dewey defeats the Spanish fleet in
Manila Bay
– Philippines become a US colony
– “Stepping stone” to China
Colonial Economies
• Limited by parent country to stay
dependent
• Massive export of raw materials
• Low wages
• High taxes
• Improved infrastructure
Resistance to Imperialism
• Unhappy being governed by Western
power
• Peasant revolts
• Resistance movements begun by new
middle class and student nationalists
Imperialism in China
• Opium Wars (1883-1842)
– Great Britain vs China based on Chinese
blockade of Opium
• British defeat the Chinese and create the
Treaty of Nanjing
– Beginning of Western influence in China
Western Competition
• Western countries begin competing for
control of China
• Created spheres of influence
– Imperial powers had exclusive trading rights
in areas of China
Open Door Policy
• Based on a series of letters written (1899)
by Secretary of State John Hay
• Equal access to Chinese trade
• Sustain the integrity of the Chinese Empire
• Created an open market in China and
weakened spheres on influence
Effects of Western Influence on
China
• Decline of Confucian beliefs
• Increased popularity of Western literature
influenced Chinese literature
• Rise of the urban middle class
Imperialism in Japan
• Japan remained isolated from Western
Powers at the beginning of the Nineteenth
Century
• Attempt to open trade with Japan
• Commodore Matthew Perry arrives with
US Fleet in 1853
• Under military pressure the Japanese sign
the Treaty of Kanagawa
– Opened ports to the Western traders
Resistance to Western Influence
• In an attempt to embrace Western
influence the Sat-Cho samurai capture
Kyoto and restore the Emperor to power
– Meiji Restoration
Reforms under the Meiji
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Abolish old order
Adopt western model of government
Industrialization
Universal education
Communication and transportation
improvements
• New modern military
Imperial Japan
• 1874-Japanese begin imperial expansion
– Port Arthur in China
– Korea
– Taiwan
• Japanese Navy defeats Russian Navy in
1905
• This event signified the arrival of Japan as
a world power