Download Skinner`s views

Personality
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Personality is a distinct set of consistent behavioral traits
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Distinctiveness - Uniqueness of set of personality traits
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Consistency - Tendency to behave in the same way in a variety
of situations
A personality trait is a durable disposition to behave in a
particular way in a variety of different situations
Gordon Allport
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Cardinal Traits
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Central Traits
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Dominant traits that characterize nearly all of a
person’s behavior
Prominent dispositions found in everyone
Secondary Traits
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Dispositions that occur in some situations but not
others
Cattell’s 16PF
Reserved
Less Intelligent
Affected by Feelings
Submissive
Serious
Expedient
Timed
Tough-minded
Trusting
Practical
Forthright
Self-assured
Conservative
Group-dependent
Uncontrolled
Relaxed
Outgoing
More Intelligent
Emotionally Stable
Dominant
Happy-go-lucky
Conscientiousness
Venturesome
Sensitive
Suspicious
Imaginative
Shrewd
Apprehensive
Experimenting
Self-sufficient
Controlled
Tense
Big 5 Personality Traits
Mcrae & Costa
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
Extraversion
Conscientiousness
Openness
to Experience
Approaches to Understanding Personality
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Psychodynamic – behavior is the result of unconscious forces
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Behavioral – behavior is the result of reinforced responses
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Skinner
Bandura
Mischel
Humanistic – behavior is the result of striving for the ideal
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Freud
Jung
Adler
Rogers
Maslow
Biological– behavior is the result of inborn genetic factors
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Eysenck
Buss
Freud’s Psychodynamic Theory
Freudian Defense Mechanisms
Freud’s Stages of Psychosexual
Development
Other Psychodynamic Theorists
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Carl Jung: Analytical Psychology
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Introversion/Extroversion
Personal and collective unconscious
Archetypes
Figure 12.4 Jung’s vision of the collective unconscious
Alfred Adler: Individual Psychology
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Striving for superiority
Compensation
Inferiority complex/overcompensation
Birth order
Evaluating Psychodynamic Perspectives
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Pros
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The unconscious
The role of internal conflict
The importance of early childhood
experiences
Cons
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Poor testability
Inadequate empirical base
Sexist views
Behavioral Perspectives
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Skinner’s views
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Conditioning and response tendencies
Environmental determinism
Fig. 12-5, p. 482
Behavioral Perspectives
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Bandura’s views
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Social leaning theory
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Cognitive processes and reciprocal determinism
Observational learning
Models
Self-efficacy
Behavioral Perspectives
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Mischel’s views
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The person-situation controversy
Evaluating Behavioral Perspectives
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Pros
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Based on rigorous research
Insights into effects of learning and
environmental factors
Cons
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Over-dependence on animal research
Fragmented view of personality
Dehumanizing views
Humanistic Perspectives
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Carl Rogers
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Person Centered Theory
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Self-concept
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Conditional/unconditional positive regard
Incongruence and anxiety
Fig. 12-9, p. 488
Fig. 12-10, p. 488
Humanistic Perspectives
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Abraham Maslow
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Self-actualization theory
Hierarchy of needs
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The healthy personality
Fig. 12-11, p. 489
Fig. 12-12, p. 490
Evaluating Humanistic Perspectives
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Humanistic theories are credited with
highlighting the importance of a person’s
subjective view of reality. They are also
applauded for focusing attention on the issue of
what constitutes a healthy personality.
They are criticized for lacking a strong research
base, poor testability, and what may be an overly
optimistic view of human nature (Maslow had a
hard time finding live people who had selfactualized).
Biological Perspectives
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Eysenk’s theory
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3 higher order traits
Extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism
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Twin studies
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Determined by genes
Novelty seeking and genetics
The evolutionary approach
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Traits conducive to reproductive fitness
Fig. 12-14, p. 493
Evaluating Biological Perspectives
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Pros
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Convincing evidence for genetic influence
Cons
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Conceptual problems with heritability
estimates
Artificial carving apart of nature and nurture
No comprehensive biological theory