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The Cold War Heats Up
Chapter 18, Section 2
China turns Communist
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Chiang Kai-shek –
Chinese leader
supported by the United
States
China had a failing
economy
Chinese were not happy
with his leadership
China turns Communist

Mao Zedong –
Communist leader
who led Civil War in
China against
Chiang Kai-shek
Chinese Civil War

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
Communist pushed
the Chinese
government into exile
in Taiwan.
America refused to
recognize the new
communist
government
People’s Republic of
China
China turns Communist

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American policy of containment had
failed
Conservatives started accusing the
American government of being
infiltrated by Communist agents.
The Korean War


Soviet Union took
control of Japanese
colony of Korea
north of the 38th
parallel
United States took
control south of this
line.
The Korean War

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June 1949, only 500 American troops
in South Korea
SU backed North Korea in a take-over
of the peninsula.
Often called “America’s Forgotten War”
The Korean War
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June 25, 1950
North Korea attacks South Korea
June 27 - Truman and 15 other
countries send troops to support the
South Koreans.
Under the command of General
Douglas MacArthur.
The Korean War
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September 15, 1950
MacArthur leads a counterattack
Chase the North Koreans to the
Chinese border (Yalu River)
Thought Korea would become one
democratic country
The Korean War
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November 1950
Communist
Chinese troops
joined the fight
when UN forces
reached border
The Korean War
“Our trenches…were only about 20 meters in front
of theirs. We were eyeball to eyeball…We
couldn’t move at all in the daytime without
getting shot at. Machine-gun fire would come
in, grenades, small-arms fire, all from within
spitting distance. It was like World War I. We
lived in a maze of bunkers and deep
trenches…There were bodies strewn all over the
place. Hundreds of bodies frozen in the snow.”
-Beverly Scott, soldier during Korean War.
Skillbuilder
Pg 613
MacArthur Controversy
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General MacArthur wanted to
expand the war into China,
Truman did not.
MacArthur publicly criticized
Truman and was fired as
commanding officer
Public outrage from the
“heroes' dismissal”
Settling for Stalemate
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Two year conflict that ended in a
standoff around the original border
Cost 54,000 American lives and $67
billion dollars
Korean war increased fears of
communist aggression and fed fears of
communist spies in America
The Cold War at Home
Chapter 18, Section 3
Fear of Communism

House Un-American
Activities Committee
(HUAC) –
investigated
Communist influences
in and outside the US
Government
HUAC

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Thought communist were putting
propaganda into the film industry
Hollywood Ten – Hollywood men who
refused to cooperate for constitutional
reasons.
– Were sent to prison for not testifying
HUAC

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Blacklist – list of people
condemned for being
Communists in the film
industry
Approximately 500
actors, writers,
producers, and directors’
careers were ruined
Skillbuilder
Pg 620
Spy Cases

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1948 Alger Hiss
was accused of
spying for the
Soviet Union
Richard Nixon
helped to convict
him and was later
elected VP.
Spy Cases

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1950
Julius and Ethel
Rosenberg were
convicted and executed
for espionage
Were said to be
involved in giving the
SU information about
the Atomic Bomb
McCarthy Witch Hunts
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Joseph McCarthy
Republican from
Wisconsin
Said Communists
were taking over
the government
McCarthy Witch Hunts

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McCarthyism – unsupported
accusations of communist activity
Made many accusations against people
without producing any evidence
McCarthy’s Downfall
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1954 – accused the US Army
Televised Senate Investigation
McCarthy’s tactics lost him public
support
Was condemned by the Senate
Died from alcoholism three years later.
Skillbuilder
Pg 621
Two Nations Live on the
Edge of War
Brinkmanship Rules US
Policy
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After the Soviet Union exploded their first atomic bomb, the
nuclear arms race began
Truman decides to develop an even more horrifying weapon,
the Hydrogen Bomb
– The hydrogen bomb was 67 times more powerful than the
bomb dropped on Hiroshima
The Policy of
Brinkmanship
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Dwight Eisenhower is elected president shortly after the Soviet Union
creates their own H-Bomb
John Foster Dulles is named Secretary of the State (deals with
foreign policy)
– Dulles proposed that the US could prevent the spread of
communism by promising to use all of its force, including nuclear
weapons, against any aggressor nation
Brinkmanship- the willingness of the US (under President
Eisenhower) to go to the edge of all out war
– Eisenhower cuts spending on US navy and army, and increases
the size of the Air Force(planes will drop the bombs)
– Now the threat of a nuclear attack was unlike any ever faced by
Americans
 Children practice ‘air raid’ techniques in their schools
Cold War Spreads Around
the World

Eisenhower relies heavily on CIA (Central
Intelligence Agency)
– Used Spies to gather information abroad
– Also secretly weakened or overthrow
governments unfriendly to the US
Covert Actions in the Middle
East and Latin America

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The CIA’s first covert operation was in Iran, located in the Middle
East
Iranian Government took control of British owned oil fields
As Iranian economy fluttered, they looked to the Soviet Union for aid,
the CIA secretly overthrew the Government and put in place one that
was friendly to the United States
The Warsaw Pact

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Joseph Stalin dies in 1953, US Soviet relations improve slightly
SU leaves East Germany
However SU was fearful of US Alliance (NATO)
Soviet Union forms its own alliance known as the Warsaw Pact
– Linked the Soviet Union with seven Eastern Europe
(communist) countries.
Summit in Geneva
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
The US and the Soviet Union met in Geneva Switzerland, to
discuss peace talks
Eisenhower proposed an ‘open skies’ act
– SU and US could fly over each other to check/watch out
for a surprise nuclear attack
– SU declines offer, however tensions seemed to be cooling
The Suez War
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Egypt wants to build a dam, US and England agree to help
Egypt's president ‘Abdel-Nasser’ plays US and Soviet Union
against one another to get money
Angrily the United States withdraws funding for the canal
Egypt took back dam, and did not allow England to use the
Canal
England responded by sending troops to Egypt to reopen and
take back the Canal.
The United Nations steps in and forces England to remove its
troops and grants ownership of the Canal to Egypt
Eisenhower Doctrine
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Soviet Union gains prestige in the Middle East for
helping Egypt out against England
In response, Eisenhower announces the Eisenhower
Doctrine
– US would defend the Middle East against an
attack by any communist country.
Khrushchev in Power
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Nikita Khrushchev takes control of the Soviet Union
Khrushchev thought communism would take over
the world, however it could be done peacefully
Thought US and SU would compete economically
and scientifically for world domination
The Space Race
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Due to competition between SU and USA, soviets
leaped into an early lead launching the first space
satellite, Sputnik
USA is shocked its losing the ‘Space Race’
First American attempt at launching a satellite was
an embarrassing disaster
Finally in 1958 US successfully launched a satellite
A U-2 is Shutdown
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USA was flying spy missions in U-2 planes over the
Soviet Union
Eisenhower and Khrushchev were going to hold another
summit (conference) to discuss ending the arms race
Eisenhower orders the end of U-2 flights, after one last
mission
The plane is shot down over the Soviet Union
Renewed Confrontation
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Khrushchev demanded an apology and the
stopping of all future U-2 flights
Eisenhower promises to stop flights, but
refuses to apologize
Khrushchev angrily called off the summit
due to the U-2 incident