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The Great
War
Unit 7:
World War I and Beyond
From neutrality to
war
I. Causes of WWI
M.A.I.N. long-term Causes:
M.
Militarism
A.
Alliances
I.
Imperialism
N.
Nationalism
I. Causes of WWI
• A. Nationalism and Competition Heighten
Tension
Intense nationalism and international rivalries
Ex) France wanting Alsace-Lorraine back
Destabilized old multinational empires
Ex) Serbs in Austria-Hungary Empire
Imperialism and Economic Competition
•
I.
Causes
of
WWI
B. Militarism Produces an Arms Race
Germany & Britain competed at sea
Germany, France, & Russia competed on
land
More technologically advanced weapons
I. Causes of WWI
• C. Alliances Make Nations Overconfident
and Reckless
Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary,
and Italy
Triple Entente: France, Russia, and Great
Britain
I. Causes of WWI
•D. Assassination Hurtles Europe Toward World War
SHORT TERM CAUSE: June 28, 1914: Serbian
Gavrilo Princip assassinated Archduke Franz
Ferdinand, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, in
Sarajevo
II. The Fighting Begins
•
A. Alliances Cause a Chain Reaction
In less than a week, Central Powers of Germany
and Austria-Hungary (later joined by the Ottoman
Empire) were at war against the Allied Powers of
Britain, France, Russia, and Serbia.
II. The Fighting Begins
• B. Deadly Technology Leads to Stalemate
Western Front in France was a critical
battlefield
Defensive weapons were better and more
devastating than offensive ones = deadly
stalemate
Wilson Urges neutrality
• American Opinion Crystallizes
Isolationists: stay out of war
Interventionists: join the Allies
Internationalists: work toward peace w/o
joining war
neutrality Gives Way to War
Britain Blockades Germany
Britain prevented Germany from getting
contraband (war supplies) and noncontraband (food, gasoline, medical
supplies) to its people
neutrality Gives Way to War
German Submarines Violate Neutral Rights
1915: Germans sank Allied ships using its
U-boats (submarines)
Sunk unarmed passenger ship Lusitania
neutrality Gives Way to War
• Wilson Prepares for War
National Defense Act expanded army
Naval Construction Act built more warships
Wilson re-elected in 1916: “He kept us out
of war”
neutrality Gives Way to War
• America Enters the War
Zimmerman Note: Germany proposed an
alliance with Mexico against the U.S.
April 6, 1917: Congress declared war on
Germany
The Home Front
What is Public Opinion?
Why does it matter?
George Creel: Committee of Public Opinion
Food Administration
War Industries Board
Selective Service
Espionage Act 1917
Sedition Act 1918
**Must include a slogan, image, and convince the
American Public that this is a good thing!
I. America Mobilizes for
War
• A. Building an Army
Selective Service Act authorized military
draft
2.8 million drafted
4.8 million Americans fought
I. America Mobilizes for
War
• B. Constructing a War Economy
War Industries Board under Bernard Baruch
regulated industries (told companies what
to make)
Food Administration under Herbert Hoover
regulated food and agriculture (rationing)
I. America Mobilizes for
War
• C. Shaping Public Opinion
Committee of Public Opinion (CPI) under
George Creel used advertisements to show
the public that the war was justified
II. Opposition and its
consequences
• A. Resistance to Draft
Some refused to cooperate w/Selective
Service or became conscientious objectors,
whose moral/religious beliefs forbid them
from fighting
II. Opposition and its
consequences
• B. Women Work for Peace
Some women’s groups opposed the war
while others supported it
Nurses, teachers, red cross, clerks,
Jane Addams: opposed the war
II. Opposition and its
consequences
• C. The Government Cracks Down on
Dissent
Espionage Act 1917: Severe penalties were given
to people engaged in disloyal or treasonous acts
Sedition Act 1918: Banned speaking badly about
the American gov’t or military
Eugene V. Debs ran for president in 1920
while in prison for breaking this law
II. Opposition and its
consequences
• D. Prejudice Against German Americans
German people and gov’t were condemned by
the media and CPI propaganda
German Americans were harassed and
beaten (a few were killed)
III. War Changes
American Society
• A. Women Embrace New Opportunities
Army Corps of Nurses (1918)
Women proved worthy in the workplace -->
19th Amendment (suffrage)
III. War Changes
American SOciety
• B. African Americans Follow Opportunity
North
Great Migration: 1.2 million African
Americans moved to the North from 19101920…new jobs
Wilson, War, and
Peace
I. America Gives Allies
the edge
• A. Allied Convoys Protect Shipping
Allies used convoys, groups of merchant
ships protected by warships
Made German U-boats unsuccessful
I. America Gives Allies
the edge
• B. The Allies Struggle
Russia dropped out of the war after
Russian Revolution led by Vladimir Lenin
in 1917
Germans sent more troops to Western
Front
I. America Gives Allies
the edge
• C. American Troops Join the Fight
Troops led by General John J. Pershing
joined in Europe in June 1917
I. America Gives Allies
the edge
• E. The War Ends
November 11, 1918: Germany surrenders
to the Allies in a railway car in Compiegne,
France
5 million Allied and 8 million Central Power
troops were dead
II. Wilson Promotes peace
without victory
• A. Peace Without Victory
Wilson’s Fourteen Points stated he wanted
a “peace without victory”
II. Wilson Promotes peace
without victory
• B. Fourteen Points and League of Nations
Fourteen Points promoted openness,
independence, freedom, & self-determination
League of Nations would secure mutual
guarantees of political independence and
territorial integrity
Wilson at the paris peace
conference
• Allied Leaders Reject Wilson’s Ideas
British Prime Minister David Lloyd-George and
French Premier Georges Clemenceau wanted
“victory”
Clemenceau wanted Germany to pay
reparations and wanted Alsace-Lorraine back
Fourteen Points PS
• Look at all 14 points and paraphrase the meaning
under. (write in your own words)
Wilson Promotes peace
without victory
• Peace Conference at Versailles
Wilson represented the U.S. at the 1919
peace conference and didn't invite any
Republicans, like foreign policy expert
Henry Cabot Lodge
Republicans had recently gained control of
the Congress
America rejects the treaty
Wilson Faces Troubles at Home
Irreconcilables (isolationists) in the Senate
opposed the treaty with a League of Nations
Revionionalists led by Henry Cabot Lodge
wanted changes to the treaty
Wilson fought for the League of Nations even
as he was growing very ill and had a stroke
iv. America rejects the
treaty
The Senate Rejects the Versailles Treaty
Irreconcilables and reservationists won
Without full American support, the League
of Nations wasn’t able to maintain peace
Wilson at the Paris peace
conference
•
Allies Create a League of Nations
League of Nations, a world organization
where countries could gather and
peacefully resolve their quarrels, was added
to the Treaty of Versailles
Wilson at the Paris peace
conference
Problems With Peace
National self-determination was often
violated by the new map created at the
conference
America adjusts to
peace
• Flu Epidemic Grips the Nation
Great influenza pandemic of 1918-1919
killed millions worldwide
Effects of the War
•
America adjusts to
peace
Women and African Americans Confront New
Realities
By 1920: fewer women in workforce and African
Americans had to compete with returning soldiers for
jobs and housing
America adjusts to
peace
Inflation Leads to Labor Unrest
Industrial workers’ wages couldn't buy as
much after the war due to inflation
Fought for higher wages and shorter
workdays
Americans Embrace
Normalcy
•
“Return to Normalcy”
Republican Warren G. Harding became
President in 1920
Called for a “return to normalcy” (simpler
times before Wilson became President)
Americans Embrace
Normalcy
•
A Quiet American Giant
U.S. was a creditor nation
Countries owed the U.S. money
Economic center of the world shifted from
London to New York City
Americans Embrace
Normalcy
•
The World Adjusts to a New Order
German and Russian monarchies fell
Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires
ended
Britain and France hurt economically and
politically