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The Language Of
Medicine
th
9
edition
Davi-Ellen Chabner
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
1
Chapter 17
Sense Organs: The Eye
and the Ear
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
2
Chapter Goals



Identify locations and functions of the major
parts of the eye and ear.
Name the combining forms, prefixes, and
suffixes most commonly used to describe
these organs and their parts.
Describe the pathologic conditions that may
affect the eye and ear.
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
3
Chapter Goals (cont’d)


Identify clinical procedures that
pertain to ophthalmology and otology.
Apply your new knowledge to
understanding medical terms in their
proper contexts, such as medical
reports and records.
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
4
Chapter 17
Lesson 17.1
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5
Introduction
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6
The Eye
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7
The Eye (cont’d)
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
8
The Eye (cont’d)









Pupil
Conjunctiva
Cornea
Sclera
Choroid
Iris
Ciliary body
Lens
Fundus









Anterior chamber
Aqueous humor
Vitreous chamber
Vitreous humor
Retina
Optic nerve
Optic disc
Macula
Fovea centralis
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
9
Visual Pathways from Retina
to Cortex
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10
QUICK QUIZ:
1. What is the soft, jellylike material
behind the lens in the vitreous
chamber; helps maintain the shape of
the eyeball?
A. sclera
B. vitreous humor
C. aqueous humor
D. fovea centralis
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
11
Terminology
STRUCTURES AND FLUIDS
Combining Form






aque/o
blephar/o
conjunctiv/o
cor/o
corne/o
cycl/o
Meaning
water
eyelid
conjunctiva
pupil
cornea
ciliary body
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
12
Terminology (cont’d)
STRUCTURES AND FLUIDS
Combining Form






dacry/o
ir/o
irid/o
kerat/o
lacrim/o
ocul/o
Meaning
tears, tear duct
iris
iris
cornea
tears
eye
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
13
Terminology (cont’d)
STRUCTURES AND FLUIDS
Combining Form






ophthalm/o
opt/o
optic/o
palpebr/o
papill/o
phac/o
Meaning
eye
eye, vision
eye, vision
eyelid
optic disc
lens of the eye
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
14
Terminology (cont’d)
STRUCTURES AND FLUIDS
Combining Form






phak/o
pupill/o
retin/o
scler/o
uve/o
vitre/o
Meaning
lens of the eye
pupil
retina
sclera (white of the eye)
uvea
glassy
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
15
Terminology (cont’d)
CONDITIONS
Combining Form






ambly/o
dipl/o
glauc/o
mi/o
mydr/o
nyct/o
Meaning
dull, dim
double
gray
smaller, less
widen, enlarge
night
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
16
Terminology (cont’d)
CONDITIONS
Combining Form




phot/o
presby/o
scot/o
xer/o
Meaning
light
old age
darkness
dry
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
17
Terminology (cont’d)
CONDITIONS
Suffix



Meaning
-opia
-opsia
-tropia
vision
vision
to turn
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
18
QUICK QUIZ:
1. Which term means
inflammation of the eyelid?
A. ophthalmoplegia
B. keratitis
C. blepharitis
D. blepharoptosis
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
19
Errors of Refraction




Astigmatism: defective curvature of the
cornea or lens of the eye
Hyperopia: farsightedness
Myopia: nearsightedness
Presbyopia: impairment of vision due to old
age reducing lens accommodation
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
20
Errors of Refraction (cont’d)
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
21
Abnormal Conditions
Cataract: clouding of the lens
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
22
Abnormal Conditions (cont’d)
Chalazion: small, hard, cystic mass on eyelid;
formed as a result of chronic inflammation
of sebaceous gland along margin of eyelid
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
23
Abnormal Conditions (cont’d)

Diabetic retinopathy - retinal effects
caused by diabetes mellitus include:

microaneurysms
 hemorrhages
 dilation of retinal veins
 neovascularization
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
24
Abnormal Conditions (cont’d)
Glaucoma: increased intraocular pressure
damages retina and optic nerve
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
25
Abnormal Conditions (cont’d)




Hordeolum (stye): staph infection of a
sebaceous gland in the eyelid
Macular degeneration: progressive damage
to the macular of the retina
Nystagmus: repetitive rhythmic movements
of one or both eyes.
Strabismus: abnormal deviation of the eye
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
26
Abnormal Conditions (cont’d)

Retinal detachment: two layers of the retina
separate from each other




Photopsia: bright flashes of light
Floaters: vitreous clumps of retina
Scleral buckle: belt to buckle retina to sclera
Pneumatic retinopexy: gas bubble injected in
vitreous cavity to help reattach retina
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
27
Chapter 17
Lesson 17.2
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28
Diagnostic Procedures



Fluorescein angiography: dye injection to
examine blood flow in the retina
Ophthalmoscopy: visual examination of eye
interior through dilated pupil
Slit lamp microscopy: magnified view of
expanded number of eye structures
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
29
Diagnostic Procedures (cont’d)
Visual acuity test: assesses clarity of vision
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
30
Diagnostic Procedures (cont’d)
Visual field test: measures visual fields when eyes are
fixed forward
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
31
Treatment



Enucleation: removal of entire eyeball
Laser photocoagulation: Argon laser
creates inflammatory reaction that seals
retinal tears and leaky blood vessels
LASIK: laser to correct errors of refraction by
sculpting the cornea
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
32
Treatment (cont’d)
Keratoplasty: surgical repair of the cornea
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
33
Treatment (cont’d)
Scleral buckle: suture of silicone band to sclera over
detached portion of retina
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
34
Treatment (cont’d)


Phacoemulsification: ultrasound to break up
lens for aspiration for cataract removal
Vitrectomy: removal of vitreous and
replacing it with a clear solution
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
35
Chapter 17
Lesson 17.3
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
36
The Ear
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
 Outer
ear receives sound waves.
 Sound
waves travel to middle ear.
 Sound
vibrations reach inner ear
(labyrinth).
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
37
Anatomy of the Ear
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38
Anatomy of the Ear (cont’d)
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
39
Ear Anatomy and Physiology

Outer ear


Pinna or auricle: projecting flap
External auditory meatus (auditory canal)
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
40
Ear Anatomy and Physiology
(cont’d)

Middle ear

Tympanic membrane (eardrum)
 Malleus
 Incus
 Stapes
 Oval window
 Eustachian tube
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
41
Ear Anatomy and Physiology
(cont’d)

Inner ear: labyrinth


Cochlea
Auditory nerve fibers
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
42
Ear Anatomy and Physiology
(cont’d)

Balance and equilibrium


Vestibule
Semicircular canals
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
43
QUICK QUIZ:
2. What is the snail-shaped, spirally
wound tube in the inner ear that
contains hearing-sensitive receptor
cells?
A. pinna
B. auricle
C. ossicle
D. cochlea
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
44
Terminology
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form







acous/o
audi/o
audit/o
aur/o
auricul/o
cochle/o
mastoid/o
Meaning
hearing
hearing
hearing
ear
ear
cochlea
mastoid process
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
45
Terminology (cont’d)
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form







myring/o
ossicul/o
ot/o
salping/o
staped/o
tyman/o
vestibul/o
Meaning
eardrum, tympanic membrane
ossicle
ear
Eustachian tube
stapes
eardrum, tympanic membrane
vestibule
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
46
Terminology (cont’d)
SUFFIXES
Suffix



Meaning
-acusis or-cusis
-meter
-otia
hearing
instrument for measure
ear condition
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
47
Symptoms and Pathologic
Conditions



Acoustic neuroma: benign tumor arising
from 8th cranial nerve, causes tinnitus,
vertigo, dizziness, and decreased hearing
Cholesteatoma: skin cells and cholesterol in
a sac in the middle ear (cyst-like mass
associated with chronic infections)
Deafness: loss of ability to hear
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
48
Symptoms and Pathologic
Conditions (cont’d)



Ménière disease: disorder of labyrinth with
elevated endolymph pressure in cochlea and
semicircular canals causing tinnitus,
sensitivity to sound, progressive hearing loss,
headache, nausea, and vertigo
Otitis media: inflammation of middle ear
Otosclerosis: hardening of bony tissue in
labyrinth
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
49
Symptoms and Pathologic
Conditions (cont’d)


Tinnitus: sensation of noises (ringing,
buzzing, whistling, booming) in ears
Vertigo: sensation of irregular motion
(whirling) from disease of inner ear or nerve
carrying messages from semicircular canals
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
50
Clinical Procedures



Audiometry: audiometer is an electric device
to determine hearing loss by frequency
Cochlear implant: Surgically implanted
device allowing sensorineural hearingimpaired persons to understand speech
Ear thermometry: body temperature
measured with infrared radiation from the
eardrum
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
51
Clinical Procedures (cont’d)


Otoscopy: visual examination of ear with
small, hand-held scope
Tuning fork test


Rinne: hearing test using a vibrating fork against
the mastoid bone (bone conduction) and in front of
the auditory meatus (air conduction)
Weber: fork is placed on the center of the
forehead; normal hearing has equal loudness in
both ears.
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
52
Review Sheet
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form






acous/o
ambly/o
aque/o
audi/o
audit/o
aur/o
Meaning
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
53
Review Sheet (cont’d)
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form






acous/o
ambly/o
aque/o
audi/o
audit/o
aur/o
Meaning
hearing
dull, dim
water
hearing
hearing
ear
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
54
Review Sheet (cont’d)
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form






auricul/o
blephar/o
conjunctiv/o
cor/o
corne/o
cycl/o
Meaning
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
55
Review Sheet (cont’d)
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form






auricul/o
blephar/o
conjunctiv/o
cor/o
corne/o
cycl/o
Meaning
ear
eyelid
conjunctiva
pupil
cornea
ciliary body
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
56
Review Sheet (cont’d)
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form







dacry/o
dipl/o
glauc/o
ir/o
irid/o
kerat/o
lacrim/o
Meaning
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
57
Review Sheet (cont’d)
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form







dacry/o
dipl/o
glauc/o
ir/o
irid/o
kerat/o
lacrim/o
Meaning
tears
double
gray
iris
iris
cornea
tears
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
58
Review Sheet (cont’d)
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form






mastoid/o
mi/o
mydr/o
myring/o
nyct/o
ocul/o
Meaning
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
59
Review Sheet (cont’d)
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form






mastoid/o
mi/o
mydr/o
myring/o
nyct/o
ocul/o
Meaning
mastoid process
smaller, less
widen, enlarge
eardrum
night
eye
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
60
Review Sheet (cont’d)
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form







ophthalm/o
opt/o
optic/o
ossicul/o
palpebr/o
papill/o
phac/o
Meaning
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
61
Review Sheet (cont’d)
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form







ophthalm/o
opt/o
optic/o
ossicul/o
palpebr/o
papill/o
phac/o
Meaning
eye
eye
eye
ossicle
eyelid
optic disc
lens of the eye
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
62
Review Sheet (cont’d)
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form







phak/o
phot/o
presby/o
pupill/o
retin/o
salpin/o
scler/o
Meaning
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
63
Review Sheet (cont’d)
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form







phak/o
phot/o
presby/o
pupill/o
retin/o
salpin/o
scler/o
Meaning
lens of the eye
light
old age
pupil
retina
Eustachian tube
sclera (white of eye)
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
64
Review Sheet (cont’d)
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
Meaning

scot/o
___________

staped/o
tympan/o
uve/o
vestibul/o
vitre/o
xer/o
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________





Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
65
Review Sheet (cont’d)
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
Meaning

scot/o
darkness

staped/o
tympan/o
uve/o
vestibul/o
vitre/o
xer/o
stapes
eardrum
uvea
vestibule
glassy
dry





Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
66
Review Sheet (cont’d)
SUFFIXES
Suffix





Meaning
-acusis
-cusis
-meter
-metry
-opia
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
67
Review Sheet (cont’d)
SUFFIXES
Suffix





Meaning
-acusis
-cusis
-meter
-metry
-opia
hearing
hearing
instrument for measure
process of measurement
vision
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
68
Review Sheet (cont’d)
SUFFIXES
Suffix





Meaning
-opsia
-otia
-phobia
-plegic
-tropia
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
69
Review Sheet (cont’d)
SUFFIXES
Suffix





Meaning
-opsia
-otia
-phobia
-plegic
-tropia
vision
ear condition
fear
paralysis; palsy
to turn
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70