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Online Counseling Resource
YCMOU ELearning Drive…
School of Architecture, Science and Technology
Yashwantrao Chavan Maharashtra
Open University, Nashik – 422222, India
SEP-SBI072-CP1-02
Introduction
Programmes and Courses
SEP –SBI072- CP1-UN01
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Credits
 Academic Inputs by
Sonali Alkari
Faculty YCMOU Nagpur Centre,
Faculty LAD college P.G. D of Biotechnology
Research officer Ankur Seeds Pvt Ltd
[email protected]
[email protected]
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How to Use This Resource

Counselor at each study center should use this presentation to
deliver lecture of 40-60 minutes during Face-To-Face counseling.

Discussion about students difficulties or tutorial with
assignments should follow the lecture for about 40-60 minutes.

Handouts (with 6 slides on each A4 size page) of this
presentation should be provided to each student.

Each student should discuss on the discussion forum all the terms
which could not be understood. This will improve his writing skills
and enhance knowledge level about topics, which shall be
immensely useful for end exam.

Appear several times, for all the Self-Tests, available for this
course.

Student can use handouts for last minutes preparation just
before end exam.
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Learning Objectives
 After studying this module, you should be able
to:
 Discuss Monosaccharides
 Describe different types of monosaccharides.
 State properties of monosaccharides.
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Monosaccharides-1
 The
smallest
carbohydrates
are
called
monosaccharides
(mono
means
“one”;
saccharide means “sugar”).
 As the name implies, these are single sugar
molecules.
 The most common monosaccharides, such as
fructose and glucose, have six carbon atoms,
but monosaccharides can have as few as three
or as many as seven.
 Monosaccharides with five or more carbons
usually have a ring-shaped structure when
they are in a solution.
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Monosaccharides-2
 Monosaccharides are colorless, crystalline
solids that are freely soluble in water but
insoluble in non polar solvents.
 Most have a sweet taste.
 The backbones of common monosaccharide
molecules are unbranched carbon chains in
which all the carbon atoms are linked by
single bonds.
 In the open-chain form, one of the
carbonatoms is double-bonded to an oxygen
atom to form a carbonyl group; each of the
other carbon atoms has a hydroxyl group.
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Monosaccharides-3
 Monosaccharides, the simplest carbohydrates, are
aldehydes or ketones that have two or more
hydroxyl groups;
 The
empirical formula of many is (C-H2O)n,
literally a "carbon hydrate."
 Monosaccharides are important fuel molecules as
well as building blocks for nucleic acids.
 The smallest monosaccharides, for which n = 3, are
dihydroxyacetone and d andl-glyceraldehyde.They
are referred to as trioses.
 Simple monosaccharides with four, five, six, and
seven carbon atoms are called tetroses, pentoses,
hexoses, and, respectively.
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Monosaccharides-4
 The simplest of the carbohydrates, the
monosaccharides,are either aldehydes or
ketones with two or more hydroxyl groups;
the six-carbon monosaccharides glucose and
fructose have five hydroxyl groups.
 Many of the carbon atoms to which hydroxyl
groups are attached are chiral centers, which
give rise to the many sugar stereoisomers
found in nature.
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Monosaccharides: Aldoses and Ketoses
 If the carbonyl group is at an end of the
carbon chain (that is, in an aldehyde group) the
monosaccharideis an aldose;
 If the carbonyl group is at any other position (in
a ketone group) the monosaccharide is a ketose.
 The simplest monosaccharides are the two
three-carbon
trioses:
glyceraldehyde,
an
aldotriose, and dihydroxyacetone, a ketotriose.
 Monosaccharides with four, five, six, and seven
carbon atoms in their backbones are called,
respectively, tetroses, pentoses, hexoses, and
heptoses.
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d-Aldoses containing 3,4,5 & 6 Carbon Atoms
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d–Ketoses containing 3,4,5 & 6 Carbon Atoms
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Monosaccharides Have Asymmetric Centers
 All
the
monosaccharides
except
dihydroxyacetone
contain
one
or
more
asymmetric (chiral) carbon
atoms and thus occur in
optically
active
isomeric
forms.
 The
simplest
aldose,
glyceraldehyde, contains one
chiral center (the middle
carbon atom) and therefore
has two different optical
isomers, or enantiomers
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Glycosidic Bond-1
 Monosaccharides can be modified by reaction with
alcohols and amines to form adducts. For example,
d-glucose will react with methanol in an acidcatalyzed process: the anomeric carbon atom reacts
with the hydroxyl group of methanol to form two
products, methyl a -d-glucopyranoside and methyl b
-d-glucopyranoside.
 These
two
glucopyranosides
differ
in
the
configuration at the anomeric carbon atom. The new
bond formed between the anomeric carbon atom of
glucose and the hydroxyl oxygen atom of methanol is
called a glycosidic bond specifically, an O-glycosidic
bond.
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Glycosidic Bond-2
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Reducing and Reducing Sugar
 Glycosides such as methyl glucopyranoside do
not react, because they are not readily
interconverted with a form that includes a
free aldehyde group.
 Solutions of cupric ion (known as Fehling's
solution) provide a simple test for sugars such
as glucose.
 Sugars that react are called reducing sugars;
those that do not are called nonreducing
sugars.
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Monosaccharides Are Reducing Agents
 Monosaccharides can be oxidized by relatively mild
oxidizing agents such as ferric (Fe3) or cupric (Cu2)
ion .
 The carbonyl carbon isoxidized to a carboxyl group.
Glucose and other sugars capable of reducing ferric
or cupric ion are called reducing sugars.
 This property is the basis of Fehling’s reaction, a
qualitative test for the presence of reducing sugar.
 By measuring the amount of oxidizing agent reduced
by a solution of a sugar, it is also possible to
estimate the concentration of that sugar.
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What You Learn…
 You have learnt :
 Monosaccharides are aldehydes or ketones
that have two or more hydroxyl groups.
 Monosaccharides
are
important
fuel
molecules as well as building blocks for
nucleic acids.
 All
the
monosaccharides
except
dihydroxyacetone contain one or more
asymmetric (chiral) carbon atoms and thus
occur in optically active isomeric forms.
 Monosaccharides are reducing sugars.
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Critical Thinking Questions
1. What are monosaccharides?
2. Why monosaccharides are reducing
sugars.
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Hints For Critical Thinking Question
1. aldehydes or ketones that have two or
more hydroxyl groups , chemical
composition and structural details, and
importance.
2. Free carbon atom
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Study Tips:1
 Book1
 Title: Molecular Cell Biology
 Author: Harvey Lodish, David Baltimore
Publisher:Publishers: W. H. Freeman and
Company
 Book2
 Title: Principles of Biochemistry
 Author: AlbertL Lehninger
 Publisher:CBS Publishers & Distributors
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Study Tips:2
 Book3
 Title: Biochemistry
 Author: Lubert stryer
 Publishers: Freeman International
 Book4
 Title: Biochemistry
 Author: Keshav Trehan
 Publishers: Wiley Eastern
School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Study Tips
www.en.wikipedia.org
Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
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End of the Presentation
Thank You!
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