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The Age of Exploration and the Collapse of Native Cultures in the Americas Native American, European and African Cultures Collide Pre Columbus Explorations The Travels of Marco Polo Vikings, Turks, and Mongols encouraged trade between regions Pax Mongolica (Mongol Peace) actually allowed for the free and safe flow of trade along the Silk Road from Europe to Asia Kubilai Khan (grandson of Genghis Khan) always interested in new cultures and ideas from far away The Travels of Marco Polo From Venice, Italy Sent by the pope Most famous visitor to Kubilai Khan’s China 1274-75 Spent 20 years traveling the Mongolian Empire The book of his travels the 2nd most widely read book in the world The Travels of Ibn Battuta From Morocco 1300s Muslim Traveled and explored all over Europe, northern Africa, the Middle East, India, southern China and SE Asia Showed us what much of Muslim world looked like The Travels of Zheng He Early 1405-1430s Use of Chinese junks-most seaworthy ships of the day using lanteen sails Explored in huge fleets Explored from China, SE Asia, Red Sea and E. Africa Purpose: assert China’s power-took tribute from the people they visited Brought back giraffes from Africa Rumor has it the Zheng He made it all the way to the California coast The Chinese Emperor Yongle ended the voyages abruptly-too costly and concerned about too much foreign influence Portuguese Exploration to Africa and Asia in the 1400s Portuguese-1st Europeans to take long sea voyages Muslims expelled from Spain and Portugal Henry the Navigatormagnetic compass and astrolabe-improved navigation Vasco de Gama-sailed around tip of Africa Pedro Cabral-Brazil 1500 Why did the European Explorers Go to the New World? PUSH and PULL Factors PUSH Factors-factors in Europe that pushed Europeans away 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Poverty Religious persecution Not enough resources No freedom Disease Crowded, overpopulated PULL Factors-Factors that Pulled (attracted Europeans to the New World) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Plenty of Land, cheap Freedom More resources More job opportunities To see new places What New Inventions during the Renaissance made worldwide exploration possible in the 1500s? 1. 2. 3. Better, more accurate maps The compass and astrolabe The Caravel Shipmore maneuverable and could carry larger and heavier cargo, including horses and weapons How did the Europeans (especially the Spanish) rule over Latin America? Imperialism European nations used imperialism to rule Latin America and the rest of the New World including the United States The European made money through the economic theory of mercantilism The Ideas of Mercantilism Accumulate as much gold, silver and diamonds as possible Establish colonies to make money by obtaining raw materials with the help of slave labor. Send raw materials back home to be manufactured or made into finished product In order to make a profit, country must export (send out) more finished products than they import (bring in) Mercantilism was how many European countries (especially Spain) profited in Latin America What happened as a result of Europeans’ encounter with the Natives of Latin America and Africa? 1. The Columbian Exchange When Europeans and their African slaves came to the Americas, 3 separate “worlds”, or cultures (European, African and Native American) were brought together. Plants, foods, animals and diseases were exchanged between these 3 cultures. This exchange is known as the “Columbian Exchange” because Columbus’s exploration voyage started the exchange Cristobal Colon (Columbus) [1451-1506] Columbus’ Four Voyages Other Voyages of Exploration Ferdinand Magellan- the First Circumnavigation of the World: Early 16c Atlantic Explorations The Treaty of Tordesillas • 1494 • Dividing line between Portuguese and Spanish land claims • Changed the focus (except Brazil) of Portuguese explorations to the Indian Ocean basin Looking for “El Dorado” The Columbian Exchange The “Columbian Exchange” Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet Potatoes Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine Cocoa Pineapple Cassava POTATO Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE Syphilis Trinkets Liquor GUNS Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley Grape Peach SUGAR CANE Oats Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox Flu Typhus Measles Malaria Diptheria Whooping Cough 2. Native American Civilizations were conquered by the Europeans Great Civilizations such as the Aztecs (Central Mexico), Incas (South America) and Mayas (Southern Mexico) were conquered and destroyed by the Europeans One by one, Natives lost control of their tribal and sacred lands The First Spanish Conquests: The Incas vs. Francisco Pizarro Atahualpa Mexico Surrenders to Cortez The Death of Montezuma II 3. Death, disease and more death Disease brought from Europeans and Africans killed millions of Native Americans who had no resistance to them. Measles, smallpox and STDs (Sexually Transmitted Diseases) were the biggest killers Many Native Americans and African slaves were worked to death on plantations A Smallpox Victim 4. Christianity Spread to the New World Spanish Christian missionaries ventured all over Latin America introducing the gospel of Jesus Christ to the natives establishing missions (farm communities) In some cases, though the Spanish Catholic Church forced natives to convert to Christianity 5. Spain Gained Great Wealth The Spaniards amassed an incredible amount of wealth in Latin America-gold and silver mining, plantation farming (sugar, tobacco, rice, etc.) 6. The Spanish Language spread all over Latin America 1. 2. 3. Today, Spanish is now widely spoken in: Most of South America (except BrazilPortuguese) Central America-Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Honduras, etc. Some of the Caribbean Islands (Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic) 7. Slavery became a worldwide business Millions, possibly as much as 30 million black Africans were removed from their homeland and sold into slavery Most sent to Caribbean region, Southern United States, and Brazil Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Slave Ship “Middle Passage” “Coffin” Position Below Deck African Captives Thrown Overboard Sharks followed the slave ships! European Explorers Ferdinand Magellan-Portuguese for Spain Christopher Columbus: Italian for Spain) Francisco Pizzaro-Spain Hernan Cortes- Spain Vasco Nunez de Balboa-Spain Francis Xavier- Spanish for Portugal John Cabot- English Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo- Spain Vasco da Gama-Portuguese