Download Section 2 cont`d

Reconstruction and the
New South 1865-1896
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Reconstruction Plans
Radicals in Control
The South During
Reconstruction
Change in the South
Section 1

What does “Reconstruction” refer to?
– Political, social, and physical rebuilding of
the South.
The Defeated South
Q: Based upon your observations of the map below, how were the North
and the South effected differently as a result of the Civil War?
A: Because the majority of battles took place in the South, many
Southern houses, farms, bridges, and railroads were destroyed.
Ruins in Front of the Capitol – Richmond, VA, 1865
President Lincoln’s Plan
 10% Plan
*
A. Southern States could form a new
state government if 10% of voters swore
oath of loyalty to the U.S.
*
B. Once formed new government must
abolish slavery.
*
C. Offered amnesty to Confederates
who swore loyalty but not to former
leaders of the Confederacy.
Section 1 cont’d

Who were the Radical Republicans and what
were their goals?
– Thaddeus Stevens, Charles Sumner, Ben Wade,
and Henry Davis
– Deny seats to Representatives from any State
readmitted under Lincoln’s plan.
– Wanted to punish the South.
– Wanted to break political power of the wealthy
planters.
– Wanted to ensure freedmen got to vote.
Wade-Davis Bill (1864)
 Required a majority of white
southern men to swear
loyalty
Senator
Benjamin
Wade
(R-OH)
 Denied rights to vote and
hold office to anyone who
volunteers to fight for
confederates
 Ban Slavery
Congressman
Henry
W. Davis
(R-MD)
Section 1 cont’d
What are freedmen?
Men and Women who had been slaves.
· Newly freed slaves, freedmen, had no land, jobs, or education.
Left and
right:
post-Civil
War Ohio
Atlanta, GA
Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)
 What was it? – helped
African Am. Adjust to
freedom:
 Gave food and clothing
to former slaves
 Tried to find jobs for
freedmen
 Provide medical care
for millions
 Set up schools for
freed blacks.
Section 1 cont’d
 Who
killed Abe Lincoln?
One More Loss: On April 14,
1865, Lincoln was assassinated
by John Wilkes Booth, in Ford's
Theatre, while watching the
play "Our American Cousin.”
Section 1 cont’d

Who became President when Lincoln
was assassinated ?
President Andrew Johnson
 He was the Vice
President before
Lincoln’s Assassination.
 Jacksonian Democrat.
 White Supremacist.
 Agreed with Lincoln
that states had never
legally left the Union.
Section 1 cont’d

Explain Johnson’s Plan for Reconstruction?
– Grant amnesty to most Southerners once the
swore loyality to union.
– High ranking Conf. needed presidential pardon
– Only loyal WHITES could vote
– South had to renounce secession & ban slavery
– States had to RATIFY 13th Amendment.
Section 1 cont’d

What did the 13th Amendment do?
– Abolished slavery
Section 1 cont’d

End of Section 1
Section 2

What are the Black Codes and explain
what rights were involved.
Black Codes laws that severely limited
the rights of freedmen.
…serving on juries.
voting
own some land
marry legally
AfricanAmericans were
forbidden from…
…owning guns.
1 year contract
…running for political office.
… only have servant jobs
Section 2 cont’d


What did the Civil Rights Act of 1866
guarantee African Americans?
Granted full citizenship to African
Americans and gave the Federal
Government the power to intervene in
State affairs to protect their rights.
Section 2 cont’d

What did Johnson do with many bills
which Congress sent to him?
– Vetoed them.

What did congress do to change
Johnson’s vote?
– Override the veto with 2/3 vote.
Section 2 cont’d

What did the 14th Amendment
guarantee?
14th Amendment


Granted full citizenship to all people born in the
United States.
Only Tennessee ratified the Amendment.
Section 2 cont’d


What was the Reconstruction Act?
First Reconstruction Act – It called for the creation of new governments
in 10 Southern States that had not ratified the 14th Amendment. (Only
Tennessee ratified the 14th Amendment.)

Divide the 10 Southern States into 5 Military Districts, each ran by a
Military Commander until new governments were formed.

Guaranteed African American men the right to vote.

Banned Confederate Leaders from holding political office.

Second Reconstruction Act – It required the Military Commanders to
register voters and prepare for State constitutional conventions.
The Radical Republicans Plan
Section 2 cont’d




What did the Congress require each
state to do?
To rejoin the Union, the States had to ratify
the 14th Amendment and submit new State
constitutions to Congress for approval.
Let Blacks vote
Take the vote from ex-Confederate men
Radical Reconstruction: The President and Congress Clash
Background Information: Congress had enough votes to override all
Presidential vetoes!
President Johnson v. Congress
Conflict #1
Congress passed the Civil Rights Act in 1866, giving U.S.
citizenship to African-Americans.
President Johnson vetoed the bill.
Representatives in Congress overrode the veto.
(with a 2/3 majority vote)
Round 1 winner: CONGRESS!
President Johnson v. Congress
Conflict #2
Congress attempted to ratify the 14th Amendment, which would…
…grant U.S. citizenship to all
people born in the U.S.,
including former slaves.
…make it illegal to discriminate
against people,
making black codes
unconstitutional.
President Johnson opposed the 14th Amendment and convinced
all Southern states, except Tennessee, to vote against it.
.
Round 2 winner: It’s a DRAW!
President Johnson v. Congress
Conflict #3
Congress passed the Tenure of Office Act in 1867.
This law stated that the President could not remove
members of his Cabinet without Senate approval.
So, Congress thinks I
need THEIR approval to
fire a member of my own
Cabinet? HAH! Let’s see
them stop me!
DARN
!
Secretary
Stanton, you’re
FIRED!
Tenure of Office Act
Pres. Johnson
Round 3 winner:
CONGRESS!
Secretary of War
Edwin Stanton
Section 2 cont’d


Define Impeach.
To formally charge a public official with
misconduct in office.
President Johnson: Impeachment




Johnson tries to suspend Sec. of War Edwin Stanton
without Senate approval.
Senate refused to approve suspension, Johnson
removed Stanton from office.
Johnson is impeached and comes one vote from being
removed from office. (Needed 2/3 majority.)
Johnson stays in office until end of his term.
President Andrew Johnson Impeachment Trial Ticket
Section 2 cont’d

Who became President in 1868?
Ulysses S. Grant
1868 - Ulysses S. Grant, a
Republican, wins the Presidential
election, defeating Democrat
Horatio Seymour.
Why ?
Southern African American votes!
Section 2 cont’d

What did the 15th Amendment say?
– Prohibited the state and federal
governments from denying the right to
vote to any male citizen because of race,
color, or previous condition of servitude
Sect 2 cont’d

End of Section 2
Sect 3 cont’d


1 After the Civil War what 3 groups
participated in Southern State govs. – Give
the names of 2 men who fit the first group.
African Americans:
– Hiram Revels – Senator, Mississippi 1870
– Blanche K. Bruce – Senator, Mississippi 1874

Scalawags - “Scoundrel” “worthless rascal”
– Define: Southern white Republican – pro union business leaders
– non slave holding farmers

Carpetbagger
– Define: Northern White Republicans who moved south
Sect 3 cont’d





African Americans in Government.
Played important role in Reconstruction, both voting
and electing officials.
Contributed greatly to Republican victories.
Some held important positions, but never in
proportion to their numbers.
16 served in the House of Reps between, and 2 in
the Senate, between 1869 and 1880, Hiram Revels
and Blanche K. Bruce.
Section #3 cont’d

Hiram Revels
–
–
–
–
Ordained minister
Recruited African Americans for Union Army
Started schools in Missouri for freed blacks
elected to the Senate in 1870
Sect 3 cont’d

Blanche K. Bruce
–
–
–
–
Came from Mississippi
Former escaped slave
Teacher in Missouri
Elected to Senate in 1874
Sect 3 cont’d

Scalawags
“scoundrel” or “worthless rascal.”
– Pro-Union business leaders
– Non-slaveholding farmers
– All who backed Republicans
Carpetbaggers:
Northerners who came south for
economic reasons after the Civil War.
Sec 3 cont’d

Resistance to Reconstruction
2. How did Southern Whites oppose rights to
African Americans




Refused to rent land
Refused to grant credit in stores
Refused to hire freedmen
Ku Klux Klan
There were also violent secret societies…
Sec 3 cont’d



KKK… Ku Klux Klan
The first Klan was founded in 1865 by veterans of
the Confederate Army. Its purpose was to restore
white supremacy in the aftermath of the American
Civil War.
What was their goal and how did they achieve it?
– Used fear and violence to deny rights to freed men and women.
– Wore hoods to hide their faces.
– Killed and wounded thousands of African Americans and Whites
friends.
– Many backed the Klan, including southern whites and democrats.
– In 1871, congress passed several laws to try and stop the Klan,
but no one would testify against the them.
Sec 3 cont’d

What Groups in particular backed the Klan? Why?

Planters and Democrats – had the most to gain
from white supremecy.
Mississippi 1870s:
Sect 3 cont’d

What were the 2 things that African Americans
wanted the most after the war?
– EDUCATION AND LAND (farming)


Created own schools
Freedmen’s Bureau spread education with the help of
Northern teachers.
– 1870’s, reconstruction governments created public schools.


50% whites, 40% African Americans were enrolled.
Generally, white and African American students
attended different schools, very few were
integrated.
Establishment of Historically
Black Colleges in the South
Sect 3 cont’d

Define integrated: To include both
whites and blacks.
Sect 3 cont’d


6. The most common form of farm
work for Blacks was Sharecropping.
Which means. . .
A Cycle of Poverty
Sharecropper
- farmer who works part of the land and gives the
·
landowner part of the harvest
Southern sharecropper picking cotton.
How did sharecropping work?
· Freedmen would farm land belonging to white owners, oftentimes their
old masters.
Plantation
Land worked by
sharecroppers.
· Freedmen would pay rent for the land they farmed by giving the
landowner a percentage of their crops.
· In addition, freedmen would purchase seed, tools, and other supplies
from the landowner.
* As a result, freedmen were in constant debt to the landowners and
were never able to earn a profit. If they tried to move, they could be
arrested. Therefore, freedmen became tied down to the land, in a state
similar to slavery.
Sharecropping
Sec 3 cont’d

Why did most African Americans fail to
get their own land?
– They came from slavery poor.
– Sharecropping and black codes kept them poor.
– White landowners resisted selling to them.
Sect 3 cont’d

END OF SECTION #3
Sect 4

End of Reconstruction

Why do Radical Republicans lose control of
Congress?
– Northerners lost interest in Reconstruction.
– Radical Leaders gone.. Dead, retired, or lost
election.
– People lost interest in federal Reconstruction and
felt the South should solve it’s own problems
– People believed that only the South knew how to
handle African Americans and their fate.
– People opposed using federal troops to support
Reconstruction governments (very expensive)
Sect 4 cont’d





Republican Revolt
Reports of corruption in Grant administration.
Some split to form the “liberal republicans”
Nominate Horace Greeley to run against Grant.
Grant wins
Sect 4 cont’d


Democrats Regain Power
Liberal Republicans help pass “Amnesty Act”
– Pardons most former Confederates.
– Nearly all white Southerners can vote and hold office
again.
– Changes balance of political power, restoring full rights to
supporters of the Democratic Party.
– Democrats regained power of state governments.
– KKK assisted with terror where African Americans held
majority and republican vote.
Cont’d

Grant’s administration rocked with scandals

Panic of 1873
–
–
–
–
Jay Cooke and Co.
Small banks closed
Stock Market plummets
Thousands out of work, blame Republicans
Sec 4 cont’d

Elections of 1874
– Democrats gain seats, and control house
– 1st time since Civil War, Democrats control part
of Federal Government
– Weakens Congress’s commitment to
Reconstruction and African American rights
Sect 4 cont’d




Election of 1876
Grant wants to run for 3rd term, party wants new
candidate
Republicans nominated Rutherford B. Hayes,
champion of political reform and honesty
He said he intended the federal govt. would no
longer attempt to reshape the South = end of
Reconstruction.
And They Say He Wants a Third
Term
1876 Presidential Tickets
1876 Presidential Election
Sec 4 cont’d

Tilden appears to have won, but 20
electoral votes in dispute.( Louisiana, Florida, South
Carolina, and Oregon)



Tilden needs 1 of the 20 to win
Hayes needs all of them to win
Congress creates special commission, or group made
up of 15 people
– 7 Republicans
– 7 Democrats
– 1 independent ( resigned, republican takes spot)
– All 20 votes go to Hayes………..
The Political Crisis of 1877
 “Corrupt Bargain”
Part II?
Sec 4 cont’d






Compromise of 1877
Democrats not happy with the decision.
Secret meeting, Hayes declared winner.
New Government: no more aid to South
Troops withdraw
Democrats promise to maintain African American
rights.
Alas, the Woes of
Childhood…
Sammy Tilden—Boo-Hoo! Ruthy Hayes’s got my
Presidency, and he won’t give it to me!
A Political Crisis: The
“Compromise” of 1877
Hayes Prevails
Sec 4 cont’d





4. How did the new state govts. In
the South under the “Redeemers”
change the polices?
Many ruling democrats were large plantation
owners before the war, now are storeowners,
bankers and support economic development.
Known as “Redeemers”
Take conservative ideas, lower taxes, reduced
government
Cut many social services, like public education
Sec 4 cont’d
How did the economy of the South change after the
war?
Industry:

“New South” base it on coal, iron, tobacco, cotton and
lumber

In the 1880’s, textile mills, tobacco company came about

By 1890’s, 20% of nation’s iron and steel is produced in
South

Industry grew by a cheap labor force

Long hours, low wages

Railroads re-built, mileage doubled

Still not as strong as North, agriculture still main economic
activity
5.
Sec 4 cont’d







Rural Economy- Agriculture
Change agriculture as well as industry
Small farms verses large plantations
Many held their land, others went to sharecropping and
tenant farming (neither made money)
Debt was a problem, many went to “cash crop” – crops to be
sold for money.
Main cash crop was cotton, but too much supply, too little
demand, prices dropped
One cash crop and sharecropping kept the South from
advancing
Sec 4 cont’d




6 How did the Southern leaders in the South keep
Blacks from voting in the “New South”?
15th Amendment allowed all to vote
Many states required a poll tax, literacy test, and grandfather clause
Poll Tax
– A fee to vote, many African Americans and whites could not afford

Literacy Test
– Read and explain hard parts of a Constitution, * remember, little
education for African Americans

Grandfather Clause
– Those who didn’t pass Literacy test, could vote if father or grandfather
had voted before Reconstruction

All this, African American votes went down
Separate But Not Equal
Voting Restrictions:
· Poll taxes and literacy tests were used to prevent freedmen from voting.
Grandfather Clause
• In order to help poor, illiterate
whites to vote, a grandfather
clause was passed.
• It stated that if a voter’s father or
grandfather was eligible to vote on
January 1, 1867, they did not have
to take a literacy test.
•This allowed whites to vote, but
not freedmen.
Dr. Manassa Thomas Pope was able
to receive a voter registration card
because his parents had been freed
prior to 1867. He was one of only
seven black voters in Raleigh and one
of 31 in all of Wake County, NC.
Sec 4 cont’d



Jim Crow Laws
Segregation- the separation of the races
South passes the JIM CROW laws
– African Americans and whites to be separate in
many public places
Jim Crow Laws - laws passed by
southerners to segregate public
places, such as schools,
restaurants, theaters, trains,
hospitals, water fountains, and
cemeteries.
The "Jim Crow" figure was a fixture of
the minstrel shows that toured the
South; a white man made up as a
black man sang and mimicked
stereotypical behavior in the name of
comedy.
Sample Jim Crow Laws
Florida: The schools for white children and the schools for negro
children shall be conducted separately.
Virginia: Any public hall, theatre, opera house, motion picture show or
place of public entertainment which is attended by both white and
colored persons shall separate the white race and the colored race.
Maryland: All railroad companies are hereby required to provide
separate cars or coaches for the travel and transportation of the white and
colored passengers.
Louisiana: Any person...who shall rent any part of any such building to
a negro person or a negro family when such building is already in whole
or in part in occupancy by a white person or white family shall be guilty
of a misdemeanor.
Florida: All marriages between a white person and a negro, or between a
white person and a person of negro descent to the fourth generation
inclusive, are hereby forever prohibited.
Sec 4 cont’d





Plessy v Ferguson
Case in Louisiana required separate train cars for
white and black
The Supreme Court segregation was legal as long
as African Americans had access to public places
equal to whites
Facilities were separate, but not equal
More money went to white schools than African
American schools
Plessy v. Ferguson - The Supreme
Court ruled that segregation was
legal as long as facilities were
“separate but equal”.
This cause came on to be heard
on the transcript of the record
from the Supreme Court of the
State of Louisiana, and was
argued by counsel.
On consideration whereof, It is
now here ordered and adjudged
by this Court that the judgement
of the said Supreme Court, in
this cause, be and the same is
hereby, affirmed with costs.
Sec 4 cont’d

In what ways was Reconstruction a
success?
– Rebuilt South economy
– Laws and amendments offered to promise
equality
– African Americans created own institutions and
shared in government
Sec 4 cont’d

In which ways was Reconstruction a
failure?
– Much of South remained poor
– Restrictive laws
– Threats of violence prevented equality for
the African Americans
Sec 4 cont’d

W.E.B Du Bois;
“The slave went free; stood for a brief
moment in the sun; then moved back
again towards slavery.”