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* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Name _________________________________Number___________ Date ____________period _____ THE LIFE CYCLE OF A CELL BACKGROUND A cell’s life cycle is comprised of two main parts: INTERPHASE, (G1, S, G2) and MITOSIS, (P, M, A, T). Cells spend the majority of their lives in ‘interphase’ where cells grow, function, and copy genetic material. When cells are ready to reproduce, cells form new ‘daughter’ cells by a process called mitosis. During mitosis, one cell divides to form two, identical cells. Mitosis is a very specific, sequential reproductive process when chromosomes become organized and move in particular ways to ensure that the new cells contain identical genetic material. Because the life cycle of a cell progresses in a chronological order, it is helpful to build models that represent each phase of the cells life. Fill in the table below to help show the ‘phases’ included in the life cycle of a cell. 2 MAIN EVENTS OF A CELL’S LIFE CYCLE: PHASES WITHIN EACH MAIN EVENT ________________________ ________________________ CYTOKINESIS STRUCTURES INVOLVED INCLUDED IN YOUR MODEL X X X X X TASK Create models to represent the major events of the lifecycle of the cell. You will create a 5 page book that will visually represent Interphase and Mitosis. You are required to have 3-dimensional diagrams of Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase, (one page per phase). You will need to label the following items: POINTS TO CONSIDER, (maybe start here?) 1. How are you going to label your cells with the tags listed Did you show the different organization/appearance of chromosomes? 2. Does your original cell contain the same genetic information as your daughter cells? 3. Does your model show a deteriorating / broken down nucleus? 4. Can you see where the genetic information first became organized and paired up? 5. How did you explain the main events within each phase of your model? STRUCTURES PHASES Must be labeled 1x on your model Must be labeled 1x on your model 1. 2. 3. 4. ______Cell Membrane ______Nuclear Membrane / Nucleus ______Cytoplasm Chromosomes a. ______Chromatin b. ______Sister Chromatids c. ______Chromatids 5. ______Centrioles 6. ______Fibers 1. ______INTERPHASE 2. MITOSIS a. ______PROPHASE b. ______METAPHASE c. ______ANAPHASE d. ______TELOPHASE PLAN AHEAD Think about your task, be sure you understand all the events that occur within the life cycle of the cell. Study the diagrams below…discuss the events of the life cycle with your partner. Using the diagrams, describe the events of the cell cycle in the section, ‘Putting It Together’. PUTTING IT TOGETHER Using your pictures above, notes and textbook, describe main events/structures that are part of a cell’s life cycle. 1. Interphase: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ a. Gap 1, (G1): ______________________________________________________________________________________________ b. Synthesis, (S): _____________________________________________________________________________________________ c. Gap 2, (G2): ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Mitosis: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ a. Prophase: ________________________________________________________________________________________________ b. Metaphase: ______________________________________________________________________________________________ c. Anaphase: _______________________________________________________________________________________________ d. Telophase: _______________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Cytokinesis: _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Chromosome: ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ a. Chromatin: _______________________________________________________________________________________________ b. Sister Chromatids: _________________________________________________________________________________________ c. Chromatid: ______________________________________________________________________________________________ PROCEDURE 1. Refer to your notes, and your textbook to review the life cycle of the cell AND the steps of mitosis. 2. Using the materials provided- and a lot of creativity, you will visually depict INTERPHASE, PROPHASE, METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, AND TELOPHASE for a cell that contains the number of chromosomes assigned by your teacher: (______________ chromosomes) 3. When selecting your materials, be sure to plan for the ENTIRE LIFE CYCLE and gather the necessary materials that will be needed for each phase of your cell, (beginning to the end) 4. You will need to represent the following organelles/structures within your diagrams a. _________Cell Membrane (all diagrams) b. _________Cytoplasm (all diagrams) c. d. e. f. g. _________Nucleus and/or Nuclear Membrane (only when appropriate) _________Nucleolus (only when appropriate) _________Chromosomes (remember to show different forms of genetic material) _________Fibers (only when appropriate) _________Centrioles (only when appropriate) QUESTIONS 1. What are the two main purposes of mitosis? _____________________________________ _____________________________________ 2. Once a cell has gone through mitosis, how can you describe the daughter cells of the original cell? ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. What phase of mitosis contains sister chromatids? ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. What phase of the cell’s life cycle does genetic material get copied. ____________________________________________ 5. Name the steps of the CELL CYCLE? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 6. Name the steps of MITOSIS? _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 7. Why is interphase not considered a step in mitosis? _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 8. What are the three phases of INTERPHASE and what are the 2 major events are occurring during interphase? ____________________________- ____________________________________________ ____________________________ -_____________________________________________ ____________________________ -_____________________________________________ 9. What step does the nucleus begin to disappear? ____________________ 10. What step does the nucleus re-appear? _________________________ 11. Explain what is happening to the chromosomes during prophase. (use the words chromatin, chromosomes, and sister chromatids) __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 12. What is the role of the fibers during mitosis? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 13. In what phase of mitosis do the sister chromatids actually pull apart? _____________________________ 14. How many cells does each dividing cell form as a result of mitosis? _______________________________ 15. Compare the original, (parent cell) to the two new daughter cells. Describe how they compare in terms of chromosome number? ____________________________________________________________________ 16. Match the following by writing the correct letter. ________ interphase a. sister chromatids separate ________ prophase b. nucleus re-appears, fibers disappear ________ metaphase c. chromosomes duplicate ________ anaphase d. nucleus begins to disappear, fibers appear ________ telophase e. chromosomes line up across the middle of cell