Download Haider - Computer Science - Illinois Institute of Technology

CS 485
Artificial Intelligence
Adnan Haider
CS 485
Computer Science Department
Illinois Institute of Technology
Chicago, Illinois 60616
[email protected]
Abstract – Artificial intelligence was incepted during the
1950s. Until then, progress in artificial intelligence is more
of leaps and valleys. For example, many of the popular and
optimistic predictions in AI did not come true in the time
on which they were predicted. However, with recent
advancement in machine learning, in particular deep
learning, many of those predicted technology, such as
robots capable of human-like emotion, self driving cars,
will inevitably become ubiquitous.

Index Terms – Artificial intelligence, deep learning, machine
learning, robotics
INTRODUCTION
Artificial intelligence start in 1950 by Professor
McCarthy. He coined the term artificial intelligence which
simply means making computers behave like humans.
Computer behaving like humans is more than just thinking
like humans. Also, it means that computer must behave and
have emotions like humans. This is a challenging feat and his
been a concept of core research for multiple decades. Because
of this, research from Google, Microsoft, IBM, Amazon, and
many other well-known companies are focusing on Artificial
Intelligence Research. The main reason they focus on it is
because it improves their merchandise. In fact, it is common
idea of startups to do “business + AI”. Where “business” can
be any business idea, such as pizza delivery. Then they
combine pizza delivery with artificial intelligence technology.
Because of the urgency in AI in start ups and well-established
companies understanding the background and key point in
artificial intelligence is a must.
We will describe the background of artificial intelligence,
its influence on society, and the future outlook of this
promising area within computer science. To be specific this
paper provides the following ideas:
 The background of artificial intelligence from its
inception in the 1950s to its application in modern day
society.
 The social and economic influence on society of artificial
intelligence will be discuss. Mainly how artificial
intelligence can alter technology and modern day life and
also how social cultures can change with artificial
intelligence.
The future outlook of artificial intelligence. Artificial
intelligence is used by many and many. It is a promising
field. It is even more promising than many other fields.
Because of this it has a big impact on future technology
on our outlook on the world. Computer science is a large
and vast field. It contains many different subtopics more
for a single human to understand in one lifetime. However
with the prevalence of artificial intelligence it should be
known by all. It should be known at least with some
knowledge and some other knowledge. If many people
don’t know artificial intelligence advancement that can
cure diseases and cancer won’t be able to happen.
Computer science is amazing and so is artificial
intelligence.
BACKGROUND
Artificial intelligence is used by many. Most don’t know why
it is used but I do. Artificial intelligence, after my research,
started in 1950s[2]. It was used primarily to understand codes.
However it was also seen as a way for computer to create
punch cards for automated coding. This idea is still being used
by many people in the world. The world is a great place with
artificial intelligence.
Artificial intelligence has many different subtopics such as
machine learning and deep learning. Machine learning is a
tool to do artificial intelligence[3]. In machine learning there
is often training data where your machine learning model is
trained to output certain based on certain features. This is an
example of artificial intelligence because the computer
learners like a human to then make predictions much like a
human would. Is these types of models such as logistic
regression and linear regression, and naïve bayes that allowed
the computer deep blue to beat the chess grandmaster.
Artificial intelligence also includes deep learning.
Deep learning is another type of method to use artificial
intelligence. It applies neural nets which is an iterative type of
layers where each layer in the network performs some
computation to refine the prediction. These application work
well on GPUs. A practical application of deep learning was
how AlphaGO beat Leo Sedol the GO champion. This is due
to GPUs ability to do fast computation of similar type. Nueral
nets can be heavily optimized by GPUs and is what in fact
Google used for the hardware behind AlphaGO.
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Overall the major differences and similarities between deep
learning and machine learning are below:
 Machine learning uses iterative algorithms where each
iteration produces similar types of computation based on
the output of the previous layer.
 Machine learning uses ideas such as logistic regression,
linear regression, naïve bayes, Bernoulli models,
multinomial models to do computations.
 Deep learning uses more complex neural nets to do
computation. In this framework the same layer does not
need to have similar types of computation.
 Machine learning is iterative and so is deep learning.
 Artificial intelligence encompasses both machine and
deep learning. Deep learning is used for more predicative
analysis where there are many complex combinations,
such as the moves on a chess board.
 Machine learning is often used for classification where
there are not as many complex combinations.
 Overall: Artificial intelligence uses both machine
learning and deep learning for different purposes but both
are integral for progress in artificial intelligence.
Deep learning began in the late 1900s but it didn’t gain
popularity since the hardware wasn’t available to support.
However nowadays with thousand core cpus there is much
more ability to use machine learning. Machine learning is
integral to computer science and artificial intelligence and has
been around since the beginning of artificial intelligence. It is
the canonical tool to make predictions form artificial
intelligence.
The main points on computers taking over jobs of humans is
the following:
 Computers take human’s jobs
 Humans become unemployed
 Business men with more money do not create new
jobs
 Humans are left unemployed which then requires
government intervention which then results in higher
taxes.
On the other side of the debate is the benefits of artificial
intelligence on the economy:
 AI is used to make better trading decisions on wall
street.
 It is a tool that can be used by anyone in business
rather than few who are specialized for the market.
 AI provides an even playing field for everyone.
 AI is used at many investment banks such as
Barclays and others.
Thus AI is both helpful and detrimental for the economy.
It can both help and hurt. As individuals, we must make sure
both ourselves and our fellow humans are on the helpful side
of these benefits. This means children much be education on
economic history and believe that jobs[5].
AI is used also in terms of economic ethics. Is it worth it
for students to work with computer science even if they don’t
enjoy it. Should students do artificial intelligence because it
leads to careers. What does this mean to society, people,
humans, leaders, and the world? These are the questions we
must ask ourselves to consider ourselves are humans.
II. Society and Artificial Intelligence
INFLUENCE ON SOCIETY
Society consists of many people from different origins. Thus
the impact of artificial intelligence should not be uniform
across the entire population of the each[2]. To some artificial
intelligence is a source of lucrative job offers. While others it
seems inevitable that a intelligent computer will take over
their occupations. At the heart of artificial intelligence debate
on the influence on society is socialism vs. capitalism. Is it fair
for a computer to replace a human’s occupation? We already
see many dumbed down version of artificial intelligence in our
daily lives. Apps to buy train tickets remove the need for
humans to occupy ticket booth at train stations[1].
I. Economy and Artificial Intelligence
Computer replacing human labor is a common topic of the 21 st
century. The economy has improved and not improved
because of this. Unemployment rises when computers take
over jobs however companies make more income without
having to pay humans. From a capitalist point of view, this
will allow companies and business people to spend more
money so this trickles down the world. This allow those
unemployed to be help. However in reality business men use
this money and keep it. Which is why jobs aren’t created and
unemployment rises.
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Society is important. We progress as society not as
individuals. Many philosophers believe not that our life
meaning is to make the world a better place when we
depart to make society progress. There is a pivotal
difference here[4]. The world does not necessarily include
society. Society includes the general ideas in the
subconscious of humans. Artificial intelligence can
change these ideas very rapidly and it already has. The
concept of change is good is entrenched in the digital era.
Change is invited by millennials, and so is anything that is
an improvement on the current society. Artificial
intelligence is an example of this it is used across many
people and artificial intelligence is important for many
other people in this world[1]. Many don’t believe
artificial intelligence will have a big impact on society. I
believe in the contrary. AI will impact both the poor and
the wealthy and the innocent and guilty. He who takes
advantage of it the most will get the best results. Those
that understand its power will make billion-dollar
startups. While others will lose jobs because of artificial
intelligence.
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FUTURE OUTLOOK OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Not only will artificial intelligence be around in 10 years, it
will create most of the world in 10 years. It will encompass
many different areas of artificial intelligence and be used
across many industries of science. AI is science and science
will be encompassed by AI. AI will be in medical science,
climate science, bioinformatics, high energy physics, low
energy physics and astronomy. There has already been
research on applying AI to everyday life. AI is in our phones
and is only growing.
AI will also be in business from making decisions on wall
street to helping a product manager make more adequate
decisions. This is because although AI may not be able to
completely replace many humans they can be used heavily as
sophisticated personal assistance.
FIGURE 1: QUICK OVERVIEW OF THE DESIGN POINTS OF ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENT MACHINES. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENT MACHINES NEED VERY
DIFFERENT CRITERIA.
Artificial intelligence is also going to be popular in medical.
Surgeons are already using robots to do surgery, such as
robotics surgery. Artificial intelligence will also help diagnose
patients. Although humans may be able to diagnose common
issues they may forget about rare diseases. Thus a Artificial
Intelligent system can spit out all potential diseases based on
symptoms and a doctor can use that to refine the ideasP4[.
Artificial intelligence is also used across many archaeology
and geology domains. Since humans and robots are used to
gather rocks and strings of materials. Artificial intelligent
system can be used to classify materials into worth materials
and those that are not needed.
Over artificial intelligence is used across the following
domains[5]:
 Medical research
 Robotics
 Geology
 Archaeology
 Doctor assistance
 High energy physics
 Bioinformatics
 Climate science
 Low energy physics.
 Astronomy
 Particle Physics.
FIGURE 2: QUICK OVERVIEW OF THE CONCEPTS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
NOT
ONLY WILL COMPUTER SCIENCE BE USED IN THESE FIELDS RIGHT
NOW BUT THEY WILL CONTINUE TO BE INFLUENTIAL AS YEARS GO BY.
THE ABOVE TWO FIGURES SERVE AS A CONCLUSION TO THE
IDEAS APPEARING IN THIS PAPER. FIGURE 1 DESCRIBES THE INDETAIL CONCEPT TOPICS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE. WHILE
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FIGURE 2, DESCRIBES THE IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
ON OTHER AREAS OF AI RESEARCH.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE PROBLEMS OF THE
FUTURE
FIGURE 4: DESCRIPTION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE[6]
Although artificial intelligence will be used in many fields in
the future there are problems. From both a technical aspect
and an ethical aspect.
Currently artificial intelligence research is only taking place at
a few companies and these companies are not sharing their
knowledge. Artificial intelligence will be popular in the future
and many individuals will need to use it more. Thus, artificial
intelligence will need to be shared or else the fear of an ultra
powerful artificial intelligence can and will hurt society. Also
artificial intelligence will hurt people that do not understand
how to create better machines. Thus a monopoly could arise
with artificial intelligence which would be very bad.
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
1)Poole , M, Definition of AI Agents 1998 pp 35
2)McCarthy, J, Middle initial, "Mccarthy’s definition of AI .2007 pp 10
Guha , L, "Title", Journal or book (italics), Vol, No 3., 2008
3)Desel, M, "Knowledge Revolution" AIII, , pp. 226-229
4)James K "Artificial Inteligence and Future", AAAI), pp. 222-223
Artificial intelligence has a rich background encompassing
both machine and deep learning. It is used and will continue to
be used by both men and women of all ages. It has both good
and bad economic and social consequences. Figure 4 gives a
brief overview of artificial intelligence the main topic of this
paper.
5)McCorduck J, "Embodied approaches to AI" pp. 454-462
6)
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&
cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjn_puy2IXMAhXrs4MKHVNzDBMQjRwI
Bw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slideshare.net%2FDigitalgodess%2Fpredicti
ng-you-the-future-of-artificialintelligence&bvm=bv.119028448,d.amc&psig=AFQjCNEDV1XEkwNnZKS
bSITGLEgtuqNyUg&ust=1460433359690375
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