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First Civilizations: Africa and Asia 3200BCE – 500BCE Ancient Kingdoms of the Nile I. Geography of the Nile River - “Gift of the Nile” – __________________________________________________________ - Nile flows from south to north- Yearly Floods - Rain in the spring at the source of the Nile in Central Africa caused a yearly flood of the Nile. - The yearly flood covered the land with silt (_______________________) - Upper Egypt – _________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________ - Lower Egypt covers the delta region - Delta – ______________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ - Menes, king of Upper Egypt, united Upper and Lower Egypt II. Old Kingdom (2700 BCE – 2200 BCE) - Pharaohs – ________________________________________________ - Pharaohs in the Old Kingdom organized a strong central government - Pharaoh’s job to instill justice and order - Vizier – _____________________________________________________ A. Pyramids - Built at Giza during Old Kingdom - Great Pyramid was ____________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ - Pyramids symbolized the wealth of Ancient Egypt because of the cost, resources, and organization it took to construct - Farmers __________________________________________________________________________ III. Middle Kingdom (2050 BCE – 1800 BCE) - _________________________________________ led to fall of Old Kingdom - Characterized by _________________________________________________________________ IV. New Kingdom (1550 BCE – 1100 BCE) - At height of New Kingdom, empire stretched to the Euphrates River - Hatshepsut ______________________________________________________________________ - Ramses II ________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ - After Ramses II died, Egypt went into decline and fell to invaders from Assyria, Persia, Greece, and Rome. V. Egypt and Nubia - Nubia (also known as Kush) __________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ - During a 100 year period, Nubia even conquered Egypt. Egyptian Civilization I. Egyptian Religion - Amon-Re – _______________________________________ - Pharaoh was closely linked to the sun god and was the only one who could conduct ceremonies to AmonRe - Osiris – ___________________________________________ - Isis – _____________________________________________ - Set – God who murdered his brother, Osiris - Horus – Falcon headed god - Anubis - Jackal headed god - Ankh – a cross like symbol that symbolized good health II. Belief in Afterlife - After death, the soul would be tested by Osiris. Osiris would weigh the heart (thought to be the soul in Ancient Egypt) would be weighed against a feather (which was the symbol of truth and justice). If the scale balanced, ______________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ - Book of the Dead – a ________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ - Mummification – _____________________________________________________________ - People were often buried with objects they would need for the afterlife - Mummification was very expensive and typically reserved for Pharaohs or those who could afford the process. III. Egyptian Society - Most Egyptians were farmers, who in the off-season would serve the Pharaoh as builders or warriors. - __________________________________________________ – both brought new ideas, money, and riches (jewelry, furniture, and fabrics). - Women – __________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ IV. Egyptian Learning - Hieroglyphics – _______________________________________ pictograms to ideograms symbolized actions or ideas). - Then they moved to demotic (___________________________) on papyrus (____________________________). - Rosetta Stone – ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________. - Decoded in the early 1800’s by Jean Champollion – helps us read all Egyptian artifacts now. - Skilled in ____________ through mummification (knew how the body worked) - Also, developed a ____________ (similar to ours) and mathematics (pyramids). V. Arts and Literature -___________ –bodies forward and eyes looking sideways with pharaohs larger. - Architecture – _____________________________________ - Literature – hymns, prayers, proverbs to Gods, poems, folk tales (____________________________). City-States of Ancient Sumer I. Geography of the Fertile Crescent - Mesopotamia – ________________________________________________ - The Epic of Gilgamesh – ______________________________________ (4,900 yrs ago flood evidence) - 3200BCE – ______________________ (south) – clay bricks were building blocks for the cities. - Sea and river traders and land traders (invented wheeled vehicles!). II. Sumerian Civilization - The ruler was in charge of _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ - Scribes collected taxes and kept records. - Hierarchy – _________________________ (ruling family, officials, priests – merchants, artisans – peasant farmers, slaves). - Women shifted from honored and independent to dependent on men, but kept some rights such as trading and property ownership. - Gods were polytheistic that acted like humans (________________________). - To keep gods happy, each city built a ziggurat (___________________) for ceremonies and sacrifices. - Afterlife was seen as a _______________________ (dust, mud, blackness). III. Advances in Learning - Writing – Cuneiform – ______________________________________ ___________________________________________________ - Scribes/scholars developed basic algebra and geometry, hour system, 360 degrees system, and calendars. - Passed on culture and developments to _______________________. Invaders, Traders, and Empire Builders I. Ruling a Large Empire - 2300 BCE – Sargon of _____ (middle) invaded Sumer – _______________________________ - The empire died with Sargon but he started a movement to unite all of Mesopotamia under one ruler. - 1790 BCE – Hammurabi of Babylon united much of Meso. – ______________________________ ________ (300 laws on a stone pillar) – first to codify laws (set down in writing). - Criminal law – ________________________________________! - Civil law (private rights) – protect the powerless (women and children) - Hammurabi also improved _______________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ II. Warfare and the Spread of Ideas - Conquerors uprooted the defeated and helped to spread ideas! - 1400 BCE – Hittites moved into Mesopotamia and learned to extract iron from ore to make __________________________________________– tried to hide their discovery. - 1200BCE – _________________________________ Iron Age! - 1100 BCE – Assyrians ____________________________________________________________________ - Women were confined and heavily clothed, extensive laws of lifestyles, and huge palaces were built. - King Assurbanipal – first library with a collection of stone cuneiform tablets. - 612 BCE – Nebuchadnezzar revived Babylonian empire – ________________ ___________________________________________ III. Persian Empire - 539 BCE – __________________________________________________ tolerance (respect all customs and traditions in the empire). - 522-486 BCE – Darius set up satraps (____________________________). - Moved from a barter to money economy (_______________________). IV. Phoenician Sea Traders - Became known for manufacturing and trade – glass, purple (tyrian) dye. - To promote trades, they set up colonies (_________________________________________________ __________________________________). - known as Carriers of Civilization! – came up with the first alphabet (_________________________ ______________________________________________).