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STABLE CIVILIZATION: ANCIENT EGYPT The Nile River • Egypt’s geography: northernmost 750 miles of the Nile • Egypt depended on a cycle of flooding • Egypt = “Kemet” (“Black Land”) b/c of the dark soil around the Nile • Unified the Egyptian people The Old Kingdom (2647-2124 BCE) • Ca. 3150 BCE = King Menes unified Upper and Lower Egypt • Old Kingdom era established by King Djoser ca. 2670 BCE • Importance of pyramids • Focused on death/afterlife • the “ka” (life force) & the “ba” (soul) • Stepped Pyramid of Djoser = first monumental architecture ever • Designed by Imhotep • “stepped style” • Pyramids at Giza • Khufe’s Pyramid = 479 feet high, 755 sq. ft. base • Covered in polished limestone sheath The Old Kingdom (2647-2124 BCE) • The Great Sphinx at Giza (ca. 2500 BCE) • Largest statue of the ancient world The Old Kingdom (2647-2124 BCE) • The Great Sphinx at Giza (ca. 2500 BCE) • Largest statue of the ancient world • Importance of sculpture • Meant to guarantee existence after death • Not just for Kings! Scribes too! • Ca. 2124 = collapse of the Old Kingdom • Drought, weak leadership, stronger local governments • 150 year-long civil war b/t North and South The Middle Kingdom (2040-1648 BCE) • Nebhepetre Mentuhotep II reunited Egypt • Significant changes in literature • Hieroglyphs = pictograms, phonograms, determinatives • Shift from only religious writings to broader themes • Changes in sculpture and religion • The cult of Osiris • The cult of Amun (local god of Thebes) • Massive public works projects required lots of labor . . . • Egyptians recruited foreign workers = Hyksos • 1648 BCE = Hyksos leader declares himself King of Egypt • Egypt in disarray for ca. 100 years The New Kingdom (1540-1069 BCE) • 1540 BCE = Ahmose reunites Egypt • Justified power based on Middle Kingdom • Modeled architecture & religion on predecessors • Hatsheptus (ruled from 1479-1457 BCE) • A woman who ruled as king • Emergence of “pharaohs” • “pharaoh” = “great house” • Great Temple of Amun at Karnak = largest temple in Egypt The New Kingdom (1540-1069 BCE) • Crisis of religion: Amenhotep IV (ruled 1353-1336 BCE) • Rejected polytheism • Established the cult of Aten (the sun disk) • Changed name to Akhenaten (“The Shining Spirit of Aten”) • 1336 BCE = Tutankhaten becomes Pharaoh • Changes name to Tutankhamun • Reinstates polytheism • Ramses II (1278-1213 BCE) = ruled for 66 years • Added obelisks to Great Temple of Amun Ancient Egypt’s Decline & Collapse • Egypt’s important neighbor: Nubia • Lots of trade! • Kush = capital of southern Nubia • Adopted Egyptian culture Ancient Egypt’s Decline & Collapse • Egypt’s important neighbor: Nubia • Lots of trade! • Kush = capital of southern Nubia • Adopted Egyptian culture • 700s BCE = Assyrians invade eastern Egypt • Egyptians beg Nubians for help • Nubian Dynasty of Egypt established for ca. 100 years • 664 BCE = Assyrians defeat Nubians/Egypt • 525 BCE = Persians invade from the north! • 343 BCE = Persians invade from the north . . . AGAIN! • 332 BCE = Alexander the Great invades Egypt • 304 BCE = Ptolemaic Dynasty • 30 BCE = Romans invade Egypt