Download how to do short pres

How to give an
oral presentation
What is a good presentation?
• View oral presentation as a process of
anticipating & overcoming potential
misunderstandings
– Identify what is the confusion
– Identify what is the strategy for explaining the
confusion
What is a Poor way of Presentation?
• Informing is a poor way of presentation
– It is not focused on understanding
– Over-emphasis on hooking the audience to
gain its attention
– Trying to establish its need for information
– Too focused on form, Not contingent on
material;
• Not all material is best explained via examples,
visual aids, frameworks, charts, it depends on the
type of material you present
Explaining vs. Informing
• Inform
– Create awareness of latest information on
some topic (E.g., News reports)
• Explain
• Improve understanding of something
audience is aware of but does not fully grasp
• Explaining helps deepen understanding
or master a skill
How to explain
• Analyze audience’s source of ‘confusion’
– What can the audience be confused about?
– Why the audience might not understand info?
• Identify good, empirically supported
techniques (explanations) for overcoming
audience confusion
– Rowan article
Steps to follow to develop your
presentation
Read assigned material
Focus on one aspect
Classify the aspect
Is it a concept?
Examples,
counter
examples
etc.
Is it a idea that is
hard to believe?
Identify
invalid
assumptions
of implicit
theory etc.
Is it a process?
Model to
explain
processes or
parts
Focus of Your Presentation
•
Answer ONE of the following :
1. What does a concept mean?
2. How are two things related?
3. Why are two things not related ?
•
Your short presentations will answer the
qs 1 your long presentation may answer
qs 1 & 2 OR qs 1 & 3 (depending on
support/non support for hypothesis)
Steps to follow when explaining a concept….
• Define concept to be explained by listing
its features
• Give examples of concept
• Differentiate concept from confusing
concept
– Give examples of confusing concept that can
be mistaken for examples of the concept to
be explained
– Compare features of the concept to be
explained and the confusing concept
One example on how to
explain concepts
Give examples of the concept
• What is a hypothesis
– Examples of a hypothesis
• Frequent giving and receiving boosts productivity
and social standing
• Perceived generosity is positively related to social
status
Differentiate concept from
confusing concept
• A hypothesis is not a variable or a result
– Examples
• A result= The level of frequent giving was high
• A variable= The level of productivity was low
Define concept by listing features
• Features of a hypothesis
– Must be empirically testable
– At least two variables must be involved
Sekaran, Saks
Comparing examples of concept
vs. counter concept
Hypothesis
•Frequent giving &
receiving boosts
productivity and
social standing
Result
•The instructor’s
gender is female
•The level of
productivity is high
•Frequent giving and
receiving boosts
productivity and social
standing
Comparing features of concept
vs. counter concept
Hypothesis
•A guess about the
relationship
between two
variables
Result
•An empirical fact
about a variable
•An empirical fact
about the
relationship b/w two
variables
After developing content of your
presentation, think about structure
and ordering of that content
Structural Aspects of Presentation Slides
•Have a clear introductory & summarizing
component with 3 or fewer points
•Are well structured & the logic of the
organization is clear
•Have clear & accurate headings &
subheadings
Examples of Intro & Summaries
Introduction
What is a
hypothesis
Summary
•A hypothesis is a
guess about the
relationship between
two variables
Summary vs. Implication
• What is a summary?
– More like “learning points”
– It is a short descriptive review of what you
just explained
• An implication
– E.g., Why audience should care about your
presentation
– E.g., now that the audience knows about your
presentation how should they apply it
What’s next….
•Had a clear introductory & concluding
component with 3 or fewer points
•Are well structured & the logic of the
organization is clear
•Have clear & accurate headings &
subheadings
Titles
• Titles for entire presentation
– Should reflect the question you will answer
– Can reflect the agenda (if short)
• E.g., What makes a good leader?
• Titles of each slide
– Title should reflect the content of the slide
– Titles should tell you the connection to the
previous slide– REFLECT LOGICAL
ORGANIZATION
Titles of slides vs. Headings vs. subheadings
Title of slide is an
accurate description of
the content of the slide
Headings
Subheadings
elaborate on points
made in headings
Another feature of titles of slides
• Titles of slides should connect with each
other and form the structure of your
presentation
Putting it all together
An example of how to explain
concepts with examples, counter
examples & features, using good
titles, headings & subheadings,
What is a Field Study
Examples
• Field study
– Handgun magazine sales & gun related
deaths from Guns & Crime Article in
Economist
– Conference Board study
• Sample Survey
– Gallup Polls
– Meta-analysis
Features differentiating research designs
•
Degree to which
1. They Maximize generality of behaviors studied
2. The behavior being studied is independent of the
setting
3. Settings are natural to the behavior being
studied
4. results are specific of the Systems studied
5. Cause & effect are determined precisely
A tabular display of
similarities & differences
between field study &
sample survey
Differences & Similarities between Field
Study & Sample Survey
Field Study Sample Survey
Particular Systems Hi
Low
Contrived setting
Low
High
Setting Dependence High
Low
Generality
Precision
High
Moderate
Low
Moderate
A graphic display of
similarities & differences
between field study &
sample survey
(also serves as summary)
Obtrusive
Operations
Maximum
Precision
Contrived
Settings
Lab
Experiments
Experimental
Simulations
Field
Experiments
Natural
Settings
Setting
Independent
Sample
Surveys
Unobtrusive
Operations
Maximum
Generality
Runkel
& McGrath,
1972
Field
Studies
Formal
Theory
Computer
Simulations
Maximum
Context
Behavior not
measured
Universal Behavior Systems
Particular Behavior Systems
What you learned so far...
• How to generate the content of your
short oral presentation
• How to structure the content
Additional types of
explanations for Long
Presentation
• Why are the variables in your
hypothesis are related
• Why the variables in you hypothesis
are not related
How to explain why two things
are related
1.Creating a good general
impression
2.Conceptualize parts
1st step to explaining why two things are related
•
Provide a good general impression of
phenomenon via….
•
•
Graphics/Models
Verbal strategies
•
Structure suggesting titles
– Five dimensions of personality
•
Organizing analogies
– An organization is like a jazz quartet
•
Model suggesting topic sentences
– Need fulfillment works like a pyramid
•
Note: Models/analogies should be commonly
shared
Example explanation of why two
things are related
Using Previously read abstract on
help & productivity
Giving a general impression
Productivity
Frequency of Help
Social Status
2nd step to explaining why two things are related
•
Help audience conceptualize parts,
processes, inter-relations via
•
Transitional phrases, previews, summaries &
explicit statements of relationships that help in
refining mental models
•
•
Do not use short sentences and sacrifice words like
“because” and “for example”
Repeat/recreate initial comparisons
Example: Breaking down the process
Productivity
Efficiency in resource exchange
Information about others’ interests
Frequency of Help
Liking for helper
Social Status
How to explain why hypothesis is
not supported
1. Identify reason for hypothesis
2. Identify limitations of reasoning for
hypothesis
3. Explain the reason for the counter
hypothesis & how that reason is
supported with empirical evidence
Example explanation of counter hypothesis
Step 1
•
e.g., Participation does not lead more
difficult goals being set
1. Identify reason for pro hypothesis
–
Participation results in more difficult goals
being set because subordinates want their
supervisors to believe that they are highly
capable and therefore choose more difficult
goals than those that may be assigned to
them by the supervisor
Example explanation of counter hypothesis
Step 2
2. Demonstrate limitations of reason
behind pro hypothesis
– Assumes that supervisors do not know the
abilities of the subordinates and so assign
easy goals
Example explanation of counter hypothesis
Step 3
3. Explain the reason for the counter
hypothesis & how that reason is
supported with empirical evidence
– When supervisors know the abilities of
subordinates, participation does not result
in more difficult goals as shown in results
of study x....
What you learned today
• How to generate the content of a
presentation of ‘research’
– Define variables
– Explain why things are related
– Explain why things are not related
– How to structure the content