Download 370 Making the Peace: Inadvertently Guaranteeing

Making the Peace:
370
EC: Name “turning points” in WW I that we have
studied, so far; explain why so (8)
•
1914: Russia surprises Germany at by attacking early,
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1914: French and British stop Germans at the Marne
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Weakens the Central Powers
1915: Ottoman Empire joins the Central Powers
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Both sides forced into a stalemate, trench war.
1914: Italy switches sides and joins the Allies
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Germany has to divide armies, and cannot defeat France. The von Schlieffen Plan fails.
Cuts Allied supplies to Russia
1915: British lose at Gallipoli
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British cannot open supply routes to Russia
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1917: October Russian Revolution
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Communists pull Russian out of the War
Germany can send troops to the West and crush the British and French
1917: US Declares War on Germany
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Russia cannot help Armenian nationalists
Fresh Allied troops encourage demoralized French and British troops
Germans are stopped and eventually pushed back, out of France…..
1918: Coup d’etat in Berlin removes the Kaiser.
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New “Weimar” German government sues for peace with the Allies.
•
Armistice: Shooting stops on November 11, 1918.
Inadvertently Guaranteeing
the Next World War.
• In 1918, Woodrow Wilson wanted WW I to be
the “War to end Wars”,
• but France and Britain had goals to punish
Germany and the other Central Power allies that
would guarantee an even greater war …..
Pandemic:
• a spreading disease that covers a large
area of the Earth.
– An influenza pandemic killed over 20 million
people, world wide.
• Most likely, the accelerated global shipping traffic
spread the disease quickly,
• few nations were prepared or spared.
– Inadequate and/or overtaxed medical systems
could not meet all the demand for care…..
The Paris Peace Conference
The Insulted Ally
• Britain and France insulted their ally (who, what
happened? Why?):
– Italy (3)
• Vittorio Orlando was ignored by the winners.
• Italy changed sides because it was promised land when
Austria was defeated.
• Britain and France did not….. (2)
– give all the land that Italy was promised. Instead, …
– Smaller ethnic groups got their homelands.
• Britain and France disrespected Italy because (1)
– it had switched sides and joined them.
• Italians would hate Britain and France for this insult.
Reparations:
• payment for war damage and
loss.
–The Central Powers would be
forced to pay for the war.
• Germany the most
The Treaty of Versailles
(The Paris Treaty), 1919:*
• EC: The Germans were forced to sign and
comply with the following terms: (8)
– Full blame for World War I
– Reparations to France and Britain
• 30 billion dollars (2.7 trillion dollars today)
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German military limited to 100,000 men.
Germany would return Alsace and Lorraine to France
German lands would be given to European minorities
German colonies in Africa and Pacific would go to
various Allies (mostly Britain and France)
– Germans living in foreign lands had to return home to
Germany
Pressure to Sign*
• EC: How did the Allies force the new
German government to sign the
Treaty of Versailles? (2)
– The Allies continued the harmful trade
embargos and blockades on the Central
Power nations.
• Not even allowing them to bring in food.
The Paris Peace Conference
• EC: The 1919 meeting to decide (3)
– what to do about Germany,
– About lands taken from the Central Powers,
– the future of Europe under Britain and France.
• EC: What two nations were not allowed at
the meeting. (2)
• Germans and Russians
– This would cause later anger and suspicion
The Paris Peace Conference
Leaders
• EC: Britain:
• David Lloyd George,
• Prime Minister. EC: His goals? (2)
– Wanted to return Britain to great wealth
– Wanted Germany to pay for British war
costs
The Paris Peace Conference
Leaders 4/2
• EC: France:
• Georges Clemenceau,
• Premier. EC: His goals: (3)
– Wanted Germany so weak that it could not
threaten France again.
– Wanted Germany to pay for all the destruction
and life lost on the Western Front.
– He stated that he was “bored” with Woodrow
Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
The Paris Peace Conference
Leaders P3/10/26
• EC: The United States:
• Woodrow Wilson
• President. EC: His goal
• Wanted “peace without victory”
–meaning that he did not want the
losers punished so badly that they
would want revenge, later.
Mandates:
• France and Britain divided former Central
Power colonies rather than giving the
colonists independence:
– African colonies: Britain and France from
Germany
– Asian-Pacific colonies: Japan and Australia
from Germany
– Middle Eastern lands: Britain and France
from the Ottoman Empire
• Colonial people hated the Big Three even
more.
Effect on colonials
• Colonial troops returned to Asia and
Africa knowing the weaknesses of
their Imperialist masters.
– EC: This encouraged colonials to
• work harder for independence.
– EC: Realizing this, Imperialists did what?
• disarmed and disbanded their veteran
colonial troops.
Collective security:
• One of Wilson’s partly successful
ideas.
• Nations would work together to
prevent future wars
– By peacefully solving international
arguments.
How will the Treaty of Versailles lead more
to future war rather than peace? (4)
• 1. Harshly and unjustly punishes losers, especially
Germany.
• 2. Ignored, humiliated, and/or cheated many
nationalities.
• 3. Favored France and Britain unfairly.
• 4. Continued Imperialism
• EC: One group of people believed that they should fight
the capitalist world controlled by the Big Three:
– Communists…..(Russia, aka: Soviet Union)
The Treaty of Versailles left “Much
to approve and much to regret”
• Woodrow Wilson’s advisor probably
approved of (2)
– the Allies’ creation of the League of Nations
– several new nations in Eastern Europe.
• He probably regretted
– the harsh treatment of the Central Powers,
especially Germany
How did the Treaty respect/violate
self-determination? EC
• Follows selfdetermination
– New nations in Europe
were created (10)
• from the Central Powers’
lands—
– Czechoslovakia,
– Poland,
– Baltic States
» Latvia,
» Lithuania,
» Estonia,
– Yugoslavia
» Serbians,
» Croats,
» Bosnians,
» Herzegovinans,
» Montenegrans,
» Macedonians,
• Violates selfdetermination (2):
– By creating the new
countries they took away
the rights of the losing
nations
• (source of future anger and
resentment).
– “Mandates” of colonies to
new imperial masters told
non-Europeans (nonWhites) that their desires
for freedom would not be
tolerated by the Allies.
• Two notable future problems this
will create:
– Middle Eastern people resent
Britain and France (and later the
US)
– Vietnamese resentment of
France and US
EC: The League of Nation’s great
weakness was……:
• It had no military
power to enforce it
decisions.
• EC: How does the
cartoonist point this
weakness out? (2)
– World problems are
shown as a dangerous
snake.
– League of nations
shown as a
defenseless bunny.
Cost of War
• EC: Where war had taken place
there was much environmental and
economic destruction (3)
– homes, farms, roads, forests, churches,
etc.
– Rebuilding and replacing would be
expensive.
– Most nations, except the United States,
had enormous war debts.
Radicals:
• people who want to make extreme
changes in their government and society.
• EC: Radicals threatened revolts in many
nations weakened by the war: (5)
– Germany,
– Austria,
– Hungary,
– Turkey,
– Russia
End hwk
• Begin class work
Standards Check, p. 371
• Question:
• Millions of soldiers and civilians lost their
lives,
• Property was destroyed
• Several countries experienced political
turmoil
Thinking Critically, p. 371
• answer questions to graphic organizers.
• 1.
• Germany and France
• US entered late
• 2
• Smaller country, many casualties meant fewer
men to take care of the French economy, and
families.
The Paris Peace Conference
• the most powerful Allies at the Paris
Conference were called…..
• The “Big Three”
• Each country had different
expectations about what would satisfy
them…..
– They are listed on the following pages
Standards Check, p. 372
• Question:
• Wilson wanted peace without revenge
• Lloyd George wanted to please the British
people by punishing Germany and getting
money.
• Clemenceau wanted to weaken Germany
so it could never threaten France again.
– Also make Germany pay for the lives and
property France lost.
Standards Check, p. 373
• Question:
• They believed the treaty would be based
on Wilson’s more lenient Fourteen Points
Permanent world peace?
• EC: One of Woodrow Wilson’s ideas to protect world
peace (3):
– Collective security
• The League of Nations
– a forum for all the member nations to meet and discuss their or other members’
problems.
– EC: Forty nations joined, promising to: (3)
• Discuss problems before resorting to war.
• Work together to stop aggressors.
• Work on common international issues
• The nations of the world would work together to protect
peace.
– EC: Wilson hoped the _______________________would
correct the mistakes of the Paris treaty.
– League of Nations
US Failure?
• US tradition was to stay out of
international agreements.
– Many Americans feared getting into
another global war.
– The ________________________
voted NOT to ratify the Versailles Treaty.
– Senate, in the US Congress,
• Woodrow Wilson had a stroke touring
the country to get the American
people to change Congress’ minds.
EC: What did Woodrow Wilson’s
advisor mean?
• The Treaty of Versailles left “Much to
approve and much to regret”
– EC: Woodrow Wilson’s advisor probably
approved of (2)
– EC: He probably regretted ….
– (ANSWER ON NEXT PAGE)
Map Skills, p. 373
• 2.
• Germany, Russia, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria
• 3.
• The defeated countries would have been
unhappy to lose so much territory.
• Even Allied countries might have been
disappointed (Italy, Japan) that they did not gain
more territory.
Image, 374,
• Questions:
• 1
• The reparations that Germany was forced
to make to the Allied countries
• 2
• The cartoonist may agree with the ideas
behind the treaties,
• but may have been skeptical about the
fairness and the practicality
Standards Check, p. 374
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Question:
The United States did not join the League.
It did not have any leadership in the world.
The League was too weak to stop new
wars from starting.
Brief Response
• How did World War I encourage Europe’s colonial
empires to push for independence?