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A Recent Development in Geotechnical Engineering Civil Engineering "...to design and construct public works..." Transformation Practice of improving and maintaining the built and natural environment to enhance the quality of life for present and the generations to follow Role of Civil Engineers “Designers and Builders of The Quality of Life…….” Creators of the Civilised Society Environment Providing solutions to the needs of a developing global population Performers (on a world stage) as strategic thinkers and global managers Pillars of local Economies Creating and maintaining complex infrastructure in wealth creation Subject Organization Geotechnical Engineering Geomechanics Environment Challenge Rock Mechanics Soil Mechanics Foundations Retaining Structures Effect is more pronounced Seepage/Slopes/Dams Environmental Geomechanics Genesis Population Explosion Industrialization Sluggish and “Don’t bother approach” Ignorance Human Greed Is a Philosophy put in practice to deal with under-ground “environment” & Problems associated with it Combination/Blend of Geotechnical Engg. and Environmental Engg. Waste Disposal Strategies Above ground storage No protection Average water table Protected by geologic materials Shallow trench burial Backfill Engineered geological materials. Backfill wet period average dry period Deep Disposal with backfill retardation material Protected by highgeologic Large boreholes 10 to 20 meters deep Average water table Backfill Unfrctured clayey deposits Backfill material Protective Geologic material Waste Waste Issues are • Ascertaining the quality of air, water, and land resources; • Transport, use, and disposal of hazardous wastes • water and wastewater treatment, and reuse. • Analysis and design of foundation systems, seepage control, earth dams and water resource structures, response of foundations and embankments to the ENVIRONMENTAL ACTIVITIES Man made industrialization/population explosion earthquakes/(& to some extent other natural calamities). Natural SCOPE of Environmental Geomechanics Assessment of pollutants being discharged on/in the soil deposits (Disposal/Handling/storage) Process by which the pollutants travel in geo-environment (Contaminant Transport) Protection of ground water aquifers from contamination (Containment) Methods of cleaning the contaminated sites (Remediation) Methods of creating “Value added” products (Recycling & Reuse) Specific Studies on • Hazardous wastes • Physical, Chemical, Mineralogical, Electrical and Thermal characterization • Geoenvironmental hazards: Natural and man made Recycle and Reuse of Industrial waste(s) • Role of Geotechnical engineering in environmental protection • Surface and subsurface contamination • Characterization of contaminated ground • Geoenvironmental site investigation • Site assessment technologies Soil-Water-Environment Interaction The Natural Environment Geomicrobiosphere The Particle Energy Field Theory Man Made Environment Environmental Geotechnical Problems Requires knowledge from other Disciplines Bacteriology Biology Climatology Geohydrology Geochemistry Hydrogeology Microgeology Physico-Chemistry Soil Engineering Toxicology Chemical Engg. Geophysics Mechanics Soil Science Understanding of Soil response to Environments (Short & long-term) The Natural Environment Atmosphere Biosphere Oxygen Cycle Nitrogen Cycle Carbon Cycle The Cycle of Nature Hydrosphere Lithosphere Geomicrobiosphere Ecosphere Man-made Environment Solid Liquid Agricultural wastes Human and Animal wastes Industrial wastes Mine wastes……Acid mine waste (due to oxidation of Iron Sulphide (FeS2) or Pyrites to H2SO4) Nuclear wastes Construction Effects (Blasting/Dewatering/debris…) Soil Response to Environments Soil structures (on/in/with) Pore fluid characteristics Soil-heat Soil-Chemical Soil Bacteria Soil-Root Soil-Electrical Soil-Liquid (water) Basic concepts of Analysis Most geotechnical projects occur in nature Long-term phenomenon Soil is more sensitive and susceptible to environment than any other construction material Loading may greatly affect soil properties but not the only Parameter to be considered Think of other factors: Heat Moisture (wet/Dry) Pollution intrusion Classical Soil Mechanics: Some flaws Specific gravity and Atterberg limits are constant Void ratio and porosity as indicators of soil deformation Water in the soil mass is mainly gravity water (need to consider Environmental water) Flow through a soil mass is only due to hydrostatic potential (need to consider thermal/electrical/magnetic/chemical effects) Constitutive models are arbitrarily chosen. Stress-strain relationship Soil Classification: Controlling Parameters Present scenario (Parameters) Proposed scenario (Parameters) Grain-size distribution Soil Consistency (moisture content) LL PL PI % Passing #200 Sieve Specific surface pH in pore fluid Ion-exchange capacity Absorption & adsorption Thermal properties (Conductivity, diffusivity, specific heat) Dielectric constant (Electrical properties) Environmental Geomechanics Laboratory @ IIT Bombay You are most welcome to Visit the laboratory