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Major Minerals
in Bone and
Protein
By Jennifer Turley and Joan
Thompson
© 2013 Cengage
Presentation
Overview
• Functions, deficiency,
toxicity & food sources of
Ca, P, Mg as bone minerals.
• Osteoporosis types & risk
factors.
• Functions, deficiency,
toxicity & food sources of S
as a protein based mineral.
Calcium Functions
• Bone & tooth structure.
• Blood clotting, muscle
contraction, and nerve
conduction.
Calcium (Ca)
Deficiency & Toxicity
Deficiency
Adequacy
Toxicity
(<66% of DRI)
Approx. <660-790 mg/day
DRI: 1,000-1,200
mg/day
RDI: 1000 mg
(>UL)
>2,500 mg/day
Osteopenia
Bone & tooth: stunted
growth in children, low bone
density, osteoporosis
Normal
Bone and tooth
structure, muscle
contraction, nerve
conduction, blood
clotting
Hypercalcemia
GI System: constipation,
reduces absorption of
iron, magnesium, zinc,
and phosphorus.
Other: kidney stones,
calcium deposits in soft
tissues
Adult deficient, adequate, toxic values
Calcium: Food
Sources
• Diary product sources: milk, yogurt, &
cheese and foods made with diary
products like pudding.
• Non dairy sources include fortified foods
like soymilk and cereal, canned fish with
the bones, spinach, turnip greens, tofu,
broccoli, and kidney beans.
• The bioavailability of Ca is highest (~50%)
from cruciferous vegetables, moderate
(~30%) from dairy products & Ca fortified
foods, low (~20%) from beans, nuts &
seeds & lowest (<5%) from spinach.
Calcium in Dairy Foods
~ 30% bioavailability
Chocolate Pudding (1 c)
276
Cheddar Cheese (1 oz)
205
Swiss Cheese (1 oz)
221
Lowfat Vanilla Yogurt (1 c)
419
1% Milk (1 c)
264
Whole Milk (1 c)
DRI: 1,0001,200 mg/day
246
0
100
200
300
400
500
Calcium (mg)
Calcium supplements should be taken if chronic low dietary intake occurs
Calcium in Non Dairy Foods
<5 to >50% bioavailability
Kidney Beans (1 c)
35
Blackstrap Molasses (1 T)
172
Cooked Broccoli (1 c)
62
Cooked Spinach (1 c)
244
Canned Salmon (1 oz)
60
Fortified Tofu (1 c)
94
Fortified Soymilk (1 c)
Adult DRI: 1,000-1,200 mg/day
300
Fortified Cereal (1 c)
1333
0
200
400
600
800 1000 1200 1400
Calcium (mg)
Calcium supplements should be taken if chronic low dietary intake occurs
Calcium Supplements
• Calcium carbonate. Better absorbed when taken with
food.
– 40% Calcium
– 500 mg tablet provides 300 mg Carbonate & fillers
– 200 mg Calcium
• Calcium citrate. Can be taken on an empty stomach.
– 21% Calcium
– 500 mg tablet provides 394 mg Citrate & fillers
– 105 mg Calcium
• Avoid:
– Oyster shell, coral, bone meal, calcium phosphate, anti-acids
supplements due to poor absorption, non-optimal design, and/or
possible contamination.
Phosphorus Functions
• Bone & tooth structure.
• Important for the cells genetic
material (DNA),
phospholipids in cell
membranes, energy transfer
(ATP), phosphorylation
reactions, & buffering
systems (maintaining pH).
Phosphorus (P)
Deficiency & Toxicity
Deficiency
Adequacy
Toxicity
(<66% of DRI)
Approx. <460 mg/day
DRI: 700 mg/day
RDI: 1,000 mg
(>UL)
>4,000 mg/day
Hypophosphatemia
Bone & tooth: bone
pain
GI System: anorexia
Neuro-Musccular:
muscle weakness
Other: general debility
Normal bone & tooth
structure, DNA, ATP,
phospholipids,
phosphorylation
reactions, and
buffering systems.
Hyperphosphatemia
GI System: reduced
calcium absorption
Other: calcification of nonskeletal tissues.
The body strives for a calcium to
phosphorus ratio in the blood
stream of 1:1
Adult deficient, adequate, toxic values
Phosphorus:
Food Sources
• Animal products
• Processed foods
• Preserved foods
Phosphorus in Foods
Adult DRI: 700 mg/day
Magnesium
Functions
• Is needed to build bone, teeth, &
proteins.
• Is a cofactor for more than 300
different enzymes.
• Functions in muscular contraction,
blood clotting, and nerve impulse
transmission.
Magnesium (Mg)
Deficiency & Toxicity
Deficiency
Adequacy
Toxicity
(<66% of DRI)
Approx. <205-280 mg/day
DRI: 310-420 mg/day
RDI: 400 mg
(>UL from supplements)
>350 mg/day
Rare in healthy people.
Associated with
hypocalcemia
Central Nervous
System: seizures
Neuro-Musccular:
muscle cramping,
hyperexcitability
Other: vitamin D
metabolism
interference
Normal bone,
tooth, and
protein building;
enzyme action,
muscle
contraction,
blood clotting,
and nerve
impulse
transmission
From supplements and
laxatives
GI System:
diarrhea, nausea,
abdominal cramps,
paralytic ileus
Other: metabolic
alkalosis,
hypokalemia
Adult deficient, adequate, toxic values
Magnesium: Food
Sources
• Mostly plant foods: nuts, legumes,
whole grains, dark green leafy
vegetables, chocolate, and cocoa.
• ~80% lost in grain processing.
• Is not added back to processed foods.
Magnesium in Foods
Adult DRI: 310-420 mg/day
Osteoporosis
the silent bone stalker
TYPE 1
Postmenopausal
TYPE 2
Senile
Onset age
50-70 years
>70 years
Bone loss
Trabecular
Trabecular & cortical
Gender
Women:Men
6:1
Women:Men
2:1
Fracture site Wrist & Spine
Hip
Cause
Reduced calcium
absorption,
increased
demineralization of
bone, increased
propensity to fall.
Estrogen loss
following menopause
in women.
Testosterone loss
with age in men.
Bone
Trabecular Bone:
– The lacy inner structure of
calcium crystals that
supports the bone’s structure
& provides a calcium storage
bank.
Cortical Bone:
– The very dense bone tissue
that forms the outer shell
surrounding trabecular bone
and comprises the shaft of a
long bone.
Types of Fractures
• Wrists (least severe)
– Most occur at age 50 or older
– Is an early warning sign for
osteoporosis.
• Spinal vertebrae (chronic back pain)
– More likely at ages 55-75 years
– Fractures occur from bending or
lifting
– Several fractures leading to loss of
height & spinal curvature
• Hips (most serious)
– Most occur at 70 years or older
– 20% die with in 4 months
– 50% become institutionalized
Peak Bone Mass
• Bone mass gained up to~ 25 yrs.
• Bone mass stabilized up to~ 40 yrs.
– Exact age depends on physiological
conditions.
• Bone mass is lost after ~50 yrs.
– Exact age depends on physiological
conditions.
Osteoporosis Risk
Factors
• High Protein & Phosphorus intake
• Low calcium, vitamin D, magnesium, and
fluoride intake
• Genetics (family history, small frame size)
• Lack of Exercise
• Very high fiber intake
• Smoking & Alcohol
• Menopause
Sulfur Functions
• Needed for the biosynthesis of sulfur
and sulfate containing compounds
• A component of organic compounds
biotin, thiamin, cysteine, methionine,
glutathione, taurine, and insulin.
• Helps stabilize protein shape and
structure by forming disulfide bridges.
Sulfur (S)
Deficiency & Toxicity
Deficiency
Adequacy
Toxicity
Not Established
DRI & RDI
Not Established
UL is Not Established
Sulfur has no
known deficiency
state. Protein
deficiency would
appear first.
Normal
biosynthesis
of sulfur and
sulfate
containing
compounds
GI System:
osmotic
diarrhea and
may contribute
to inflammatory
bowel disease
such as
ulcerative colitis
Sulfur: Food Sources
• Dried fruit, commercial
breads, soy, sausages, tap
water, some beverages, and
protein-containing foods.
Summary
• Ca, P & Mg are important for bone &
tooth structure while Mg & S are
important in protein structure.
• These minerals have other critical
functions in the body.
• Type 1 & 2 Osteoporosis.
• Deficiency &/or toxicities & food sources
are identified for these minerals.
References for this presentation are the same as those
for this topic found in module 5 of the textbook