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You will be able to... Define a mineral and identify some used in everyday life Use some physical properties to identify different minerals Explain the building blocks of minerals & rocks: atoms, elements, ions, compounds Recognize common types of bonds that form compounds MINERALS Describe silicates Identify common minerals and mineral classes Recognize ways in which mining impacts the environment Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. You will be able to... Define a mineral and identify some used in everyday life Use some physical properties to identify different minerals Explain the building blocks of minerals & rocks: atoms, elements, ions, compounds Recognize common types of bonds that form compounds MINERALS Describe silicates Identify common minerals and mineral classes Recognize ways in which mining impacts the environment Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Define “mineral” and identify some used in every-day life Iron from hematite [Fe2O3] Wolframite (Fe,Mn)WO4 is used in the vibration mechanism of mobile phones aluminum, indium molybdenum, phosphate Steel, copper, rare-earth oxides, zinc Bauxite [Al(OH)3] Copper (Cu) Potash Feldspar (KAlSi3O8) is used to fertilize crops. Drywall is made of gypsum CaSO4 Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Define “mineral” and identify some used in every-day life Question 1: Which of these is not considered a mineral? C) Potash Feldspar (KAlSi3O8) A) coral skeleton [Calcium carbonate, CaCO3] B) Pyroxene [Augite, (Mg,Fe)SiO3] D) Collagen from Pleistocene Ice age E) Table salt [NaCl] Define “mineral” and identify some used in every-day life Question 2: Which of these is not considered a mineral? A) Copper: Cu B) Gold: Au C) Ice H2O D) Glass: 72% SiO2, 14% Na2O, 10% CaO, 3% Al2O3 E) Fluorite or calcium fluoride CaF2 Define “mineral” and identify some used in every-day life A) Copper: Cu C) Quartz, SiO2 B) Gold: Au A mineral is a naturally occurring, inorganic, crystalline solid with a definite, but often variable chemical composition D) Glass: 72% SiO2, 14% Na2O, 10% CaO, 3% Al2O3 E) Fluorite or calcium fluoride CaF2 You will be able to... Define a mineral and identify some used in everyday life Use some physical properties to identify different minerals Explain the building blocks of minerals & rocks: atoms, elements, ions, compounds Recognize common types of bonds that form compounds MINERALS Describe silicates Identify common minerals and mineral classes Recognize ways in which mining impacts the environment Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Explain the building blocks of minerals and rocks: atoms, elements, ions, compounds... Atoms & ions make a crystal which can grow and form an aggregate of crystals “compounds” are bonded ions, e.g., Halite (NaCl) Olivine (Mg,Fe)2SiO4 ------silicate Hematite (rust!) Fe2O3 gypsum calcium (CaSO4)2(H2O) sulfate Aggregates of crystals form ROCKS! Potassium feldspar quartz plagioclase feldspar biotite Four different minerals are obvious in this piece of granite. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. You will be able to... Define a mineral and identify some used in everyday life Use some physical properties to identify different minerals Explain the building blocks of minerals & rocks: atoms, elements, ions, compounds Recognize common types of bonds that form compounds MINERALS Describe silicates Identify common minerals and mineral classes Recognize ways in which mining impacts the environment Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. I can use physical properties to identify minerals Luster: the way a mineral reflects light. Color (chemistry & structure influence light absorption): Easy to recognize but can be misleading Streak: the color of the powdered mineral. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. I can use physical properties to identify minerals Cleavage: A rock breaks along planes of weakness due to organize mineral structure Biotite Fracture describes “breakage” not along irregular surfaces Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. I can use physical properties to identify minerals Cleavage: A rock breaks along planes of weakness due to organize mineral structure Chrystal Form: geometric form of crystals (cubic, hexagonal, planar, etc) Quartz (SiO2) vsCopyrightCalcite (CaCO ) Inc. All rights reserved. © 2014 John Wiley &3Sons, 4.3 Geologists Use Physical Properties to Identify Minerals olivine Fracturing or cleavage? feldspar What is it that causes a rock to break along planes of weakness? Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. You will be able to... Define a mineral and identify some used in everyday life Use some physical properties to identify different minerals Explain the building blocks of minerals & rocks: atoms, elements, ions, compounds Recognize common types of bonds that form compounds MINERALS Describe silicates Identify common minerals and mineral classes Recognize ways in which mining impacts the environment Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 4.4 Atoms Are the Smallest Components of Nature With the Properties of a Given Substance. Protons: (+) positively charged Neutrons: no charge & have about same mass as protons Electrons: (-) negative charge and have very little mass Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Question 3: What property of an atom defines what element it is? A. number of electrons B. number of protons C. atomic mass D. number of neutrons Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Question 4: One of the isotopes of the element carbon (atomic no. 6) has a mass number of 14. How many neutrons does it have in its nucleus? Carbon 14 (14C) A. B. C. D. E. 20 6 14 8 7 Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Explain the building blocks of minerals & rocks: atoms, elements, ions, compounds Atoms want to fill their outer electron shell with 8 electrons Oppositely charge ions attract: cations (+) are attracted to anions (-) (1) Ionic bonding: Sodium transfers electron and becomes a cation (+ charge). Chlorine takes the electron and becomes an anion (-charge) The two ions attract and form an ionic bond Halite (table salt) NaCl Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Explain the building blocks of minerals & rocks: atoms, elements, ions, compounds (2) Covalent bonds: Elements share electrons in order to fill their outermost shell. Ice, H2O Olivine (peridote) (Mg,Fe)2SiO4 (3) Metallic bonding: Bonding between atoms within metals. All “free” electrons shared in an “electron sea.” Gold, Au Copper, cu Explain the building blocks of minerals & rocks: atoms, elements, ions, compounds Atoms want to fill their outer electron shell with 8 electrons Oppositely charge ions attract: cations (+) are attracted to anions (-) Atoms that do NOT have 8 electrons in the outer shell are chemically reactive. Atoms that DO have 8 electrons in the outer shell are chemically inert. You will be able to... Define a mineral and identify some used in everyday life Use some physical properties to identify different minerals Explain the building blocks of minerals & rocks: atoms, elements, ions, compounds Recognize common types of bonds that form compounds MINERALS Describe silicates Identify common minerals and mineral classes Recognize ways in which mining impacts the environment Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Describe silicates Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 4.9 Most Minerals Fall into Seven Major Classes Question 4: Which group makes up most of the Earth’s crust? A) B) C) D) E) Silicates Native Elements Oxides Sulfates + Sulfides Halides + Carbonates “ide” means 2 elements “ate” means 2 or more elements involving oxygen You will be able to... Define a mineral and identify some used in everyday life Use some physical properties to identify different minerals Explain the building blocks of minerals & rocks: atoms, elements, ions, compounds Recognize common types of bonds that form compounds MINERALS Describe silicates Identify common minerals and mineral classes Recognize ways in which mining impacts the environment Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Recognize ways in which mining impacts the environment Mining projects need to consider: Future land use Groundwater Waste Materials Erosion & topsoil Dust & Air Polution Health Impacts Cultural Issues Ecological Impacts Open Pit Mine: The Mirny Diamond Hole, Siberia (the 2nd largest hole in the world) Copper: Cu Acid mine drainage, Summitville CO Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Utah’s Bingham Canyon Copper Mine 2013 Landslide All the rock that is processed produces only 0.6% copper. The average home uses 180 kg of copper and the average car uses 23 kg. Each person in the U.S. will use 680 kg in their life time. How many kg of rock will be processed? 680 = 0.006 x (mass of rock processed) (mass of rock processed) = 680/0.006=113,333 kg That’s 230,000 tons per person! Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
