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History of the United Kingdom during the First World War wikipedia , lookup
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World War I Chain of Events Balkan Crisis of 1908 - 09 • A-H annexes BosniaHerzegovina • Serbia wanted B&H to become part of a Southern Slavic Nation or “Yugoslavia” • Serbia & Russia begin to amass for war against A-H • Kaiser Wilhelm II steps in – threatens Serbia & Russia that Germany will support A-H • Russia backs down – humiliated – weak from RussoJapanese war 1904-05 The Balkan Powderkeg • Franz Ferdinand to assure Slavs of AusHung Empire they will have a future voice in government. – Visits Sarajevo in Bosnia Herzegovina. • Black Hand fears this will diffuse Slavic Pan-Nationalist movement – Gavrilo Princip assassinates Francis Ferniand & wife Sophie in Sarajevo The Blank Check • A-H gives ultimatum to Serbia that Serbia must allow A-H to investigate the assassination in Serbia • Serbia Refuses • Germany issues A-H a “Blank Check” http://net.lib.byu.edu/~rdh7/wwi/1914/blankc he.html The War Begins • A-H declares war on Serbia 7/28/1914 • Both countries mobilize (troops to borders) • Russia – historically tied to the Slavs – mobilizes for War against A-H & Germany 7/30/1914 Germany’s Actions • Germany ultimatums – to Russia – “stop mobilization! Or war!” – to France “stay neutral! Stay out! Or war!” • August 1st 1914 – Germany Declares War on Russia • August 3rd 1914 – Germany declares on France • August 4th –Germany declares war on Belgium putting the Schlieffen Plan in motion – 1815 neutrality treaty a “scrap of paper” • Britain declares war on Germany in response • August 6th A-H declares war on Russia The Schlieffen Plan http://www.wadsworth.com/history_d/templat es/student_resources/0534600069_spielv ogel/InteractiveMaps/spot_maps/map25_1 .html • Fails – Russia Mobilizes more quickly than expected – East to Prussia • Marne – Sept 5th – 12th destroys plan of French conquest – German’s retreat • Germany is engaged in a 2 front war • Entrenchment / Stalemate III. The Great, Quick, and Righteous War A. The war began with everyone optimistic that the war would last only weeks B. Each side was convinced of the rightness of their cause and charged with national passion C. Many of the young felt that the war was a break from a modern age preoccupied with money, work, and material goods Primary Source: Trench Warfare Primary Source: Trench Warfare Primary Source: Trench Foot Primary Source: Views of the War The beginning… The reality of war… “The entire campaign a resounding march of victory- “We’ll be home at Christmas,” the recruits shouted laughingly to their mothers in August of 1914 . . .” - Stefan Zweig, The World of Yesterday “The wall of the trench is plastered with smoking splinters, lumps of flesh, and bits of uniform. . . The first recruit seems actually to have gone insane. ” - Erich Remarque, All Quiet on the Western Front Western Stalemate • Men who rushed out of the trenches were quickly cut down by machine gun power or heavy artillery – Tanks devised at the time to be heavy armored vehicles to run over trenches and avoid gun fire • Germans began to use poison gas in 1915 • Generals ordered attacks hoping to wear the opposite side out – not successful Primary Source: WWI Weapons Machine Gun Tank The Enemies Allies • Britain (1914) • France (1914) • Russia (1914) • Serbia (1914) • Italy (1915) • USA (1917) http://en.wikipedia.org/w iki/Allies_of_World_W ar_I#Allied_states Central Powers • Germany (1914) • Austria-Hungary (1914) • Ottoman Empire (1915) • Bulgaria Plus some nationalistic uprisings World conflict Major Battles 1915 - 1916 Gallipoli - 1915 • Britain & France attack Turks near Constantinople to reach Russian forces • Fails 145,000 k/w • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nPrJSR Mr2Uc • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=44kBN3 40vd4 Verdun 1916 • 6 month battle • Germans try to penetrate further into France • “they shall not pass” • 330,000 – 350,000 dead on both sides • Germans retreat Verdun The Somme (1916) • Allies try to break through German lines • 60,000 Brit.s killed 1st day • Approx. 1,100,000 dead in 3 mos. Other Events Lusitania sunk 1915 • Germans published warnings in papers – NOTICE! – TRAVELLERS intending to embark on the Atlantic voyage are reminded that a state of war exists between Germany and her allies and Great Britain and her allies; that the zone of war includes the waters adjacent to the British Isles; that, in accordance with formal notice given by the Imperial German Government, vessels flying the flag of Great Britain, or any of her allies, are liable to destruction in those waters and that travelers sailing in the war zone on the ships of Great Britain or her allies do so at their own risk. – German Embassey Treaty of London 1915 • Italy Joins Allies • Attacks A-H • Allies begin plan to partition the Ottoman Empire Japan 1915 • Makes Twenty One Demands on China – this forces China to become a Japanese protectorate Easter Week Rebellion 1916 • Germans bring exile Sir Robert Casement secretly to Ireland to encourage revolt against English • Germans also encourage Polish & Ukrainian independence to create problems for Russia Arabia 1915 - 1916 • Colonel T.E.Lawrence (of Arabia) • Leads successful revolt of Arabs in the Hejaz region against Turks (Red Sea to Persian Gulf) Balfour Declaration 1917 • British send Zionists word they will support idea of a “Jewish Homeland” in Palestine if Turks are defeated • http://www.wsu.edu/~wldciv/world_civ_rea der/world_civ_reader_2/balfour.html • *** Secretly promise Palestinian Arabs same if they rebel against Turks In the USA • President Wilson advocates “Peace without Victory” • Warns Germany after Lusitania – Germany ceases sub attacks V. The True World War B. Africa 1. Allied and Central Powers fought in Africa, taking colonies from each other 2. Lawrence of Arabia fought against Ottoman in Middle East in 1917; destroyed the Ottomans by 1918 3. African troops used on the fields of North Africa and Western Europe; also laborers Primary Source: African Troops V. The True World War A. East Asia 1. Japan joined the Allies in 1914 because they wanted German territory in Asia B. The U.S. 1. U.S. attempted neutrality 2. 1915- Naval war between Britain and Germany led to Germany sinking the passenger ship Lusitania, on which Americans were boarded – agitated U.S. and Germany stopped submarine warfare V. The True World War 3. 1917- Final straw, Germany reassumes submarine warfare i. Zimmerman Telegram- Germany promises Mexico previous territory now owned by U.S. to keep U.S. occupied 4. Entrance of the U.S. in 1918 gave a morale boost to the demoralized Allied troops fighting in Europe The Zimmerman Note • Telegraph decoded by British Intelligence dated 1/19/1917 • http://net.lib.byu.edu/~rdh7/wwi/1917/zimm erman.html April 2nd 1917 US Declares War on Germany Tips Balance of Power in favor of Allies 1918 • German Spring Offensive • Allied Hundred Days Offensive – August • Armistice – Bulgaria – surrenders Sept 29th – Ottomans – Oct 30th – A-H – Nov. 3rd Armistice – Germany November 11th Technologies • • • • • Machine guns Gas attacks Airplanes – dogfights U-Boats Tanks Wilson’s 14 Points • Copy of the document in your packet • Compare with the Treaty of Versailles