Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Boron group wikipedia , lookup
Alkali metal wikipedia , lookup
Group 12 element wikipedia , lookup
Dmitri Mendeleev wikipedia , lookup
Group 3 element wikipedia , lookup
Alkaline earth metal wikipedia , lookup
Period 3 element wikipedia , lookup
Period 6 element wikipedia , lookup
Honors Chemistry Chapter 5 J.W. Dӧbereiner grouped elements with similar chemical properties in triads. J.A.R. Newlands arranged elements by increasing atomic mass. “Law of Octaves” from similar properties repeating every 8 elements. Dmitri Mendeleev produced the first periodic table predicted properties and locations of unknown elements H.G.J. Moseley able to determine atomic numbers arranged periodic table by atomic number instead of atomic mass Periodic Law When elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number, periodic patterns exist in their properties. Periodic Table s1 s2 f1f2f3f4f5f6f7f8f9f10f11f12f13f14 d1d2d3d4d5d6d7d8d9d10 p1p2p3p4p5p6 Periods the horizontal rows on the periodic table Groups (Families) the vertical columns on the periodic table Group Names and #s Alkali metals: #1 (1A) Alkaline earth metals: #2 (2A) Halogens: #17 (7A) Noble Gas: #18 (8A) Noble Gases contain 8 electrons in the valence shell this is the most stable type of atom due to its full valence shell Lanthanides elements 57-71 “rare earth” elements Actinides: elements 89-103 all are radioactive Do you know: Mendeleev? st 1 periodic table; predicted properties & locations of unknown elements. Moseley? Atomic # instead of mass Valence Shell the outermost principal energy level (shell) that contains at least one electron. Valence Electrons Electrons in the valence shell Valence electrons are the most reactive electrons in the atom. S block First two groups of the periodic table. Last electrons are in the s – subshell. P block Last six groups of the periodic table. Last electrons are in the psubshell. D-block Elements F block The Diagonal Rule 1s2 2 2s 3s2 2 4s 5s2 6s2 7s2 6 2p 3p6 3d10 6 10 4p 4d 5p6 5d10 6p6 6d10 7p6 7d10 14 4f 5f14 6f14 7f14 Write the electron configuration of Pb(#82) [Xe] 2 6s 14 4f 10 5d 2 6p Orbital Blocks Representative Elements: s + p Transition Elements: d Inner Transition Elements: f metals: left 2/3 of table nonmetals: upper right side of table semimetals: “stairstep” between metals & nonmetals Metal Properties have luster / shine good conductors usually exist as solids malleable ductile H: Nonmetal Properties no luster poor conductors of heat & electricity not malleable not ductile Semimetals (Metalloids) properties are between those of metals and nonmetals 6 (to 8) semimetals (Po & At classifications vary) S-block elements: highly reactive valence electrons easily removed, forming ions exist as compounds Alkali metals extremely reactive soft one valence electron Alkaline earth metals reactive, but not as highly as alkali metals Brainiac Alkali metals Strontium P-block representative elements diverse properties metals, semimetals and nonmetals reactive halogens & unreactive noble gases Carbon: graphite diamond Allotropes Forms of an element differing in crystal structure or bonding. Review #1: What group ends with: 4 p gp.16 1 gp.1 s 1 gp.3 d 1 gp.13 p Review #2: Where would an element that is unreactive be located on the periodic table? Noble gas: gp. 18 Write the electron configuration of Bi(#83) [Xe] 2 6s 14 4f 10 5d 3 6p Periodic Trends Many properties of elements change in a predictable way as you move through the periodic table. Atomic Radius distance from center to outermost electron increases going down a group. decreases going right across a period. Atomic Radius Which has the largest radius? C, Ne, Be, Li Li Which is the largest atom? Al, Si, C Al Ionic Size atom gets larger when it gains electrons atom gets smaller when it loses electrons Atoms & Ions Ionization Energy energy needed to remove the outermost electron Low ionization energy means it is easy to remove Find the following for Na, Mg, & Ca: •Largest element Ca •Highest ionization energy Mg Find the following for P, S, & Se: Largest element Se Highest ionization energy S Octet Rule atoms tend to gain or lose electrons in order to acquire a full set of 8 valence electrons. Electron Affinity attraction of an atom for an additional electron Electronegativity ability of a bonded atom to attract shared electrons to itself. D-block Elements Alloy A homogeneous solid mixture of metals bronze brass pewter d-block transition elements less reactive than s-block many mix to form alloys Uses: coins, wiring, living organisms d-block high densities high melting points strong materials f-block inner transition elements 4f = lanthanide series 5f = actinide series lanthanides: form +3 ions actinides: radioactive Review #1: What group ends with: 4 p gp.16 1 gp.1 s 1 gp.3 d 1 gp.13 p Review #2: Where would an element that is unreactive be located on the periodic table? Noble gas: gp. 18 Review #3 Which is larger? Mg, Sr Sr Sr, Sn Sr Ge, Sn Sn Ge, Br Ge Cr, W W Which has the larger atomic radius? 2+ Mg, Mg Mg 22S S, S 2+ 2+ 2+ Ca , Ba Ba I Cl , I + + 3+ Na Na , Al Review #4 Review #5 Which has a larger ionization energy? Mg, Na Mg Cl, I Cl S, O O Na, Al Al Ca, Ba Ca Se, Br Br Review #6 What element has the greatest electronegativity? F: fluorine Review #7 What element has the largest atoms? Fr: francium Review #8 What group do alkali metals tend to react with? Group 17: halogens Review #9 What is the most reactive metal on the periodic table? Francium Review #10 What is the most reactive nonmetal on the periodic table? Fluorine Review #11 Identify the halogens, alkaline earth metals, representative elements, & transition metals: Sr Alk.earth & repres. Cr transition I halogen & repres. Review #12 How many valence electrons are in: Mg two Se six Sn four