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COMMUNICATION
Dr. M. Akhter Hossain
Director, Training, NIPORT.
Doctor of Philosophy, University of Exeter (UK).
Master of Science, University of Dhaka (Bangladesh).
Master of Arts, University of Exeter (England)
Master Trainer, University of Connecticut (USA)
DHMS, Bangladesh Homeopathic Medical College (Dhaka)
COMMUNICATION
Definition
Communication is the process by which a
person, group or other organizations
(sender) transmit some type of information
(message) to another person, group or
organizations (receiver) for a purpose. A
basic model of communication includes:
COMMUNICATION
Sender
Message
Media/Channel
Receiver and
Feedback (Figure-1).
A Basic Communication Model: Figure-1
(At every step there is a chance of noise)
Sender
Message
Media/
Channel
Feedback
Receiver
A Basic Communication Model
A sender sends a message in a verbal or
visual form by means of direct talk,
telephone and/or letter (with
symbol/picture) to the receiver. The
receiver then sends feedback to the
sender (or a sender has a mechanism to
receive feedback) which completes the
communication cycle and confirms that the
objective of the message is served.
NOISE
The unwanted factor which tries to distort
the message is the ‘noise’. This noise can
intervene at any point of the flow of
information (Hunter, 1995).
Human Communication
Human communication occurs when a
person responds to a message and
assigns meaning to it.
Message: Messages are anything that
people attend to and create meaning for in
the communication process.
Meaning: Meanings are mental images we
create to develop a sense of
understanding.
Classification of Communication
Communication
Mass
Communication
Electronic & printing
media
Public address
Interpersonal
Communication
Person to person
Communication
Team
Communication
Motivation
Counseling
Workshop
Training
Staff meeting
Group meeting
Types of Media
Media
Audio
Video
Audio-video
Types of Media
Again media may be
conceived of as
follows:
Crying
Laughing
Touching
Speaking
Writing
Reading
Seeing
Hearing
Making
sign/Beckoning (Make a
movement to encourage to
follow)
Smelling
Anger
Avoiding
Showing silence.
Purposes of Communication
Disseminate
information
Make people aware of
new ideas
Make a new
idea/Concept
acceptable to others
Receive information
Understand each
other’s opinion and
ideas
Counsel and motivate
target audiences
Ensure people’s
participation.
Hierarchical Nature of Human
Communication
Intrapersonal
Interpersonal
Small Group
Organizational.
Hierarchical Nature of Human
Communication
Intrapersonal: To review our ideas and behavior.
Interpersonal: To determine what effects your
communications are having upon your dynamic
partners and they feel about you.
Small Group: To determine the ideas and reactions
of group members about problems and their
solutions.
Organizational: To determine the adequacy of
member information and effectiveness
organization policies.
Communication and Creation of
Meaning
Human communication is the primary tool
used to develop a sense of understanding
about other situation.
All people are unique and their
perceptions of reality and creations of
meaning are unique.
Meanings are in people, not are in words,
object or things.
Content and relationship levels of
Communication
Every message people send to one another has
both a content and relationship dimension;
Content level refers to the basic information
being presented in the message;
Relationship level refers to the feelings
communicators express for each other through
their communication;
Content and relationship aspects of human
communication are expressed simultaneously in
every message sent and received in
interpersonal communication.
Personal and Object
Communication
Personal communication shows respect for
the person and tends to be humanizing
form of interaction.
Object communication shows disrespect and
tends to be dehumanizing form of
interaction.
Verbal and Nonverbal
Communication
Verbal Communication:
Verbal communication includes the use of words
and language.
Nonverbal Communication:
Nonverbal communication refers to the wide
range of messages people perceive and assign
meaning to that, in addition to the use of words.
Nonverbal message replaces, reinforces, or
contradicts a verbal message.
Verbal Communication
Verbal communication is a digital form of
communication, include both spoken and
written language.
It is used for communicating data-oriented
technical information.
It is the most effective at communicating
content information.
Written Communication
In written language, one can usually read
at one’s own rate, as well as carefully
review difficult parts of the text.
Written language has the advantages of
stability, permanence and formality.
Spoken Communication
The spoken word allows people to
communicate about information in a
personal dynamic manner.
It is common for people to forget or
misinterpret.
The spoken word is very transitory (shortlived).
Nonverbal Communication
It is an analog form of communication;
It is used to communicate emotionallyoriented information;
It is most effective at communicating
relationship interest (interest, attention,
warmth and understanding to clients;
It surrounds and influences all verbal
communication.
Nonverbal System of
Communication
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Artifactics
Kinesics
Occulosics
Paralinguistic
Tactilics
Proxemics
Chronemics
Artifactics
 People’s personal appearances (body, shape, size,
smell, skin color, hair styles, makeup, perfumes, clothing
styles);
 Objects people carry around them (books, jewellery,
pens, combs, watches);
 Objects people choose to decorate their surroundings
(clocks, paintings, furniture styles and colors, books and
so on and so forth.
These artifactic messages have a strong influence on initial
perception and first impressions people have about
others.
Kinesics
The way people move their bodies and
position themselves, including postures,
gestures, head nods and leg movement.
Kinesics messages often indicate some
one’s involvement in a given situation, as
well as whether they are reacting
positively or negatively to those around
them.
Occulesics
Facial expression is the primary emotional
message sending center of human organism.
Eye behavior includes eye-contact, gaze
(direction, intensity and duration) and blinking
(shut and open the eyes quickly) behavior.
Occulesic messages can tell us about the
person’s emotional state and level of interest in
a situation or person.
Thoughtful and considerate use of occulesics
can help clients feel more at a ease in health
settings.
Paralinguistic
Vocal cues accompanying speech which
include the volume, pitch, tone, rate and
expressions in someone’s voice. It is
usually best to attempt to speak clearly
(loudly enough for clients to hear all words
but not loudly enough to frighten them),
and exclusively to hold patient’s interest
and attention.
Tactilics
Tactilics are touching behaviors including
self-touching, touching others and
touching of object.
Human touch related to health care
practice is the expression of carrying an
empathy.
It is important to be able to touch clients in
a sensitive and supportive way if they are
in for emotional support.
Tactilics
However, this touch should not be felt by
the client that his/her privacy has invaded.
Proxemics
 It is study of distance between people and
objects including the distance establishing
in interpersonal relationship, group
meetings and surrounding design.
 Personal space: Each person maintains
an expandable special bubble around
themselves as an interpersonal buffer
between themselves and other.
Chronemics
Chronemics deals with how time affects
communication, including communication
behavior patterned over time, appointment
keeping, and length of time communicating with
others.
The more time you spend communicating with
others, regardless of the topic of conversation,
the more you are telling them you believe they
are important individuals.
Positive Nonverbal Communication
Leaning towards the client;
Smiling but showing no tension;
Avoiding nervous or inappropriate
mannerisms;
Presenting facial expressions that inspire
trust;
Maintaining eye contact with the client;
Making encouraging gestures.
Negative Nonverbal
Communication
Negative
nonverbal
Communication
Reading
From a
chart
Glancing
at
one’s
watch
Yawning or
Looking at
papers
Frowning
Fidgeting
Not
Maintaining
Eye
contact
Effective Communication
Communication is effective when the
stimulus as it was initiated and intended by
the sender, or source, corresponds closely
to the stimulus as it is perceived and
responded to by the receiver.
R
----- =
S
Receiver’s meaning
--------------------------Sender’s meaning
Effective Communication
How do you measure
effective
communication?
Understanding
Pleasure
Attitude influence
Improve relationship
Action
Skills of a Communicator
Good Interpersonal
skills:
Active listening
Attending behavior
Questioning
Ability to explain in
details
Help in taking
decision
Giving information
Reflecting feelings
Summarizing and
paraphrasing
Effective use of
communication
materials
Capable of drawing
conclusion.
Good Counselor-Client
Relationship
A good relationship with a client is based not
only on what the client hears, but also on
what she or he observes and senses
about the counselor.
Nonverbal cues vary from culture to culture
and sometimes among different groups
within a culture.
References
1) Dr. Mirza A. H. M. Bareque
Director, Clinical Contraception.
2) Dr. M. Akhter Hossain
3) Richard Hale and Peter Willium.