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Organic Chemistry Chapter 22 I. Organic Compounds A. Organic Compounds: covalently bonded compounds containing carbon (except carbonates and oxides, such as Na2CO3 , CO, or CO2 are considered inorganic) B. Catenation: the covalent bonding of an element to itself to form chains or rings C. Hydrocarbons: are composed of only carbon and hydrogen; they are the simplest organic compounds D. Compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structures are called isomers 1. Structural isomers: atoms are bonded together in different orders Example: Butane methylpropane (board) 2. Geometric isomers: the order of atom bonding is the same but the arrangement of atoms in space is different Example: Cis Trans (on the board) II. Hydrocarbons A. Alkanes: hydrocarbons with only single bonds 1. Formula: CnH2n+2 B. Cycloalkanes: alkanes in which the carbon atoms are arranged in a ring, or cyclic structure 1. Formula: CnH2n 2. Example: cyclobutane (on the board) C. Carbon-atom chain prefixes: 1 = meth- 6 = hex- 2 = eth- 7 = hept- 3 = prop- 8 = oct- 4 = but- 9 = non- 5 = pent- 10 = dec- D. Alkane Nomenclature 1. Name the parent hydrocarbon (with prefix and suffix) 2. Add the names of the alkyl groups (put prefix of di =2, tri =3, tetra = 4 if more than one of the alkyl groups) 3. Number the carbon atoms in the parent hydrocarbon (start numbering from the side that will give the lowest number) 4. Insert the position number in front of the alkyl group name 5. Add any punctuations needed (commas between numbers, and hyphens between position numbers and names) Example from the board: E. Alkane Properties F. Alkenes: are hydrocarbons that contain double covalent bonds 1. Formula: CnH2n 2. Naming: the parent hydrocarbon must contain the double bond; number the position of the double bond and place that number immediately before the name of the parent hydrocarbon, which ends in –ene Example from the board: G. Alkynes: Hydrocarbons with triple covalent bonds (name ends in –yne, same naming as alkenes for numbers and alkyl groups) 1. Formula: CnH2n-2 2. Example from the board: draw 3-methyl1-butyne