Download So what can happen when an earthquake hits?

So what can happen when an
earthquake hits?
I guess it
depends on how
big it is, how
close it is to
people and ….
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Remember this from last week?
These are all the earthquakes of magnitude 7.0
or greater for 2010. There were 10 earthquakes
7 – 7.5, in which 3 had deaths, but 5 over 7.5 of
which 2 had deaths
Red >7.5 – with ! means deaths
Blue<7.5 or wheelchair is <7.5 +
deaths
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Also – all those in which deaths occurred had
their focus under the land – whereas none of
those that had a focus out at sea did.
But here is an interesting one:
2 places had earthquakes of identical
magnitude – 7.0 – which were both under land
Haiti – deaths – about 250,000 with another
300,000 injured
Wellington New Zealand – 2 severe injuries (1
broken glass and 1 hit by a falling chimney) and
no confirmed death due to the quake itself.
Anyone any idea why that might be?
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Most likely to be an …HIC or LIC?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
We have enough problems in the country.
We don’t plan for earthquakes.
Our local authority has a local emergency
plan so the police, ambulances and fire
brigade are prepared if an earthquake
occurs.
Disease has spread so quickly since the
earthquake happened.
Oxfam has sent water and sanitation
equipment, including bladder tanks and water
purification chemicals.
The area has ‘earthquake proof’ housing.
Blocks of flats have rubber shock absorbers
in the foundations.
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Most likely to be an …
HIC or LIC?
6. Children practice ‘earthquake drills’ every
half-term at school.
7. Thousands of people have been left homeless.
8. Aftershocks are a regular occurrence after
the earthquake.
9. A 6.3 on the Richter scale has resulted in
30,000 deaths.
10. The family has a special supply of water and
food rations, together with basic medical
supplies and batteries in preparation for an
earthquake.
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This is a seismograph (or
sometimes called a seismogram)
Can you remember from last week the order of events
when a quake hits?
And where does each start?
Also, How
C
many
seconds
does C
B
A
D
last ion
this
occasion?
And how
long after
A is C?
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Living graph
– San
Francisco
Earthquake
In 1989 San Francisco was hit by an earthquake
measuring 6.9 on the Richter scale.
It killed 263 people and injured hundreds more.
The quake struck at rush hour which meant
many were out of their homes at the time.
Estimates of the damage were $7 billion.
President Bush offered immediate aid.
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Living graph – San
Francisco
Earthquake
Statements
1. The city breathes a sigh of relief
2.
Buildings collapse in downtown San Francisco
3. The price of water and electricity goes up
4. The rural area around San Francisco is unusually quiet - there is
no noise from birds and animals
5. A baseball stadium full of people starts to crack, people are
injured as a stampede starts
6. Mrs. Lotham falls to her death as the stairs in her house collapse
7. The millionaire, J. R. Bannister, is very upset as his very
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expensive Ming vase smashes.
Living graph – San
Francisco
Earthquake
Statements
8. Emergency services are put out a red alert.
9. Fires break out in a subway
10. Mr. Lee, a television store owner, loses a lot of stock due to
looting
11. A head teacher alerts her staff in San Jose primary school to put
the earthquake drill into practice
12. Mrs. Williams persuades her children to shelter under a table in
case they are injured by falling walls
13. Burglar alarms go off all over the city
9
H = Hazards caused by the quake, E = Effect as a result
of the quake but not caused by it; R = Response
Statements
1.
The city breathes a sigh of relief
2.
Buildings collapse in downtown San Francisco
3.
The price of water and electricity goes up
4.
The rural area around San Francisco is unusually quiet - there is no
noise from birds and animals
5.
A baseball stadium full of people starts to crack, people are injured
as a stampede starts
6.
Mrs. Lotham falls to her death as the stairs in her house collapse
7.
The millionaire, J. R. Bannister, is very upset as his very expensive
Ming vase smashes.
8.
Emergency services are put out a red alert.
9.
Fires break out in a subway
10. Mr. Lee, a television store owner, loses a lot of stock due to
looting
11. A head teacher alerts her staff in San Jose primary school to put
the earthquake drill into practice
12. Mrs. Williams persuades her children to shelter under a table in
case they are injured by falling walls
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13. Burglar alarms go off all over the city
Living graph –
Indian
Earthquake
In 2001 an earthquake measuring 7.9 on the Richter
scale hit the heavily populated state of Gujarat in
western India.
More than 15,000 people were killed, 33,000 injured and
over a million people made homeless without food or
shelter.
Costs vary according to who is counting but US$1.3 - 5
11
billion
Living graph –
Indian
Earthquake
Statements
1. A school collapses killing many of the children within it.
2. Whole towns and villages surrounding the epicentre
collapse.
3. Electricity and water supplies are cut off by the
tremors.
4. Rescuers use their bare hands to rescue relatives
trapped in the rubble.
5. Britain send in specialist equipment to check if there is
still life under the rubble and pledge £3million in aid. 12
Living graph –
Indian
Earthquake
Statements
6. Many Indian people are outdoors celebrating the Republic Day
activities when a low deep rumble starts.
7. Indian soldiers' dig two survivors out of the rubble of their
apartment 10 days after the earthquake hit.
8. Decomposing corpses and contaminated water supplies pose a
serious threat to the survivors’ of India's devastating earthquake.
9. Mrs Singh shouts to her family to her family to shelter under
their table to protect themselves from the falling debris.
10. A tourist in the Prince Hotel was in the lobby when the whole
building began swaying from side to side.
13
H = Hazards caused by the quake, E = Effect as a result
of the quake but not caused by it; R = Response
Statements
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
A school collapses killing many of the children within it.
Whole towns and villages surrounding the epicentre collapse.
Electricity and water supplies are cut off by the tremors.
Rescuers use their bare hands to rescue relatives trapped in the
rubble.
Britain send in specialist equipment to check if there is still life
under the rubble and pledge £3million in aid.
Many Indian people are outdoors celebrating the Republic Day
activities when a low deep rumble starts.
Indian soldiers' dig two survivors out of the rubble of their
apartment 10 days after the earthquake hit.
Decomposing corpses and contaminated water supplies pose a serious
threat to the survivors’ of India's devastating earthquake.
Mrs Singh shouts to her family to her family to shelter under their
table to protect themselves from the falling debris.
A tourist in the Prince Hotel was in the lobby when the whole
building began swaying from side to side.
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What are the differences?
The 2 earthquakes?
The damage they caused?
How they were dealt with?
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So what can
be done?
If you are in a danger zone
1. Make the buildings as safe as
possible
2. Make sure you have a
personal plan
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What makes a building fail in earthquakes?
An Earthquake moves the ground. It can be one sudden
movement, or more likely a series of shock waves at short
intervals. It can move the land up and down, and it can
move it from side to side.
All buildings are strong enough to support their own
weight and most of them can carry quite a bit more in
terms of what is stored in them – these all exert vertical
forces which the building can withstand. So the most
vertical shock waves can taken by most buildings.
But side-to-side forces are a different matter. This
weakness would only be found out when the Earthquake
strikes, and this is a bad time to find out. It is this side-toside load which causes the worst damage, often
collapsing poor buildings on the first shake.
The side-to-side load can be worse if the shocks come in
waves, and some bigger buildings can vibrate like a huge
tuning fork, each new sway bigger than the last.
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What makes a building fail in earthquakes?
In particular, some building are more susceptible:
1. If extra floors are added, this makes them top heavy and
more liable to collapse.
2. In a building where floors and roofs just rest on the walls,
held their by their own weight. This can result in a floor or roof
falling off its support and crashing down, crushing anything
below.
3. If the metal rods in the concrete – re-enforced concrete – is
not bonded tightly enough into the concrete columns, the
concrete crumbles and the rods bend sideways, leaving the
weight above unsupported.
4. If the lower floors have headroom and are open sided, then
they are only supported by tall columns. These tall columns
support all the weight of the floors above and have the most to
do and the least support if an earthquake hits – often it is these
columns that fail first.
5. Sometimes buildings are built on soft soil; this can turn into
quicksand when shaken about, leading to complete slumping of
buildings into the soil.
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The world’s biggest quake-proof building
Istanbul’s brand new Sabiha Gökçen International Airport
airport terminal opened on October 31st of this year and is now
the world’s largest earthquake-proof building.
Named after the world’s first woman combat pilot, the new 2
million square-foot structure is capable of not only withstanding
a magnitude 8.0 earthquake – it’s also designed to remain
completely operational afterwards. This is all due to new
seismic building technology and advanced computer
simulations that are able to predict how a building will react in
order to keep it safe.
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Building safe buildings
That is one way
to approach it –
if the ground
shakes you need
a device that
does not mean
the building does
too.
Another method,
is to put some
‘give’ into the
foundations
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Building safe buildings
Notice the
cross-bracing in
this one
Another method,
is to put some
‘give’ into the
foundations
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So you live in an earthquake
zone – why would you stay
there?
California, all around the edge of the
Pacific, the Caribbean have the most
earthquakes – but people going on living
there.
So what persuades them?
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So they live there – what can
they do to protect themselves?
What they cannot do is predict when an
earthquake is going to happen as with
hurricanes or even volcanic eruptions.
So, if you live in an HIC, what you can do is:
Prepare for an earthquake
Know what to do when it happens
Know what to do afterwards
http://www.fema.gov/plan/prevent/earthquake
/preparedness_home.shtm#1 will fill in all the
gaps that we talk about on the next few slides.
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Prepare for an earthquake
Check for Hazards in the Home
– They mention securing shelves – why? Storing
pesticides, flammable liquids etc in ‘safe place’ –
where?
Identify Safe Places Indoors and Outdoors
– Where might that be?
Educate Yourself and Family Members
Have Disaster Supplies on Hand
– What would you put in it?
Develop an Emergency Communication Plan
Help Your Community Get Ready
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Know what to do when it happens
If you are inside, the advice is to stay there
In California, all American school children are taught
DROP – COVER – HOLD
– What does that mean? Why do they do that? Nothing to get
under, then where?
If you are outside, stay there but move away from
buildings – why?
If you are in a moving vehicle, come to a stop, away from
buildings, bridges etc – why?
If trapped under debris
Do not light a match - why not? Do not move about or
kick up dust. Cover your mouth with a handkerchief or
clothing. Tap on a pipe or wall so rescuers can locate
you. Use a whistle if one is available. Shout only as a last
resort. Why?
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Know what to do afterwards
Expect aftershocks.
Listen to a battery-operated radio or television - Why?
Use the telephone only for emergency calls – Why?
Open cabinets cautiously– Why?.
Stay away from damaged areas. Stay away unless your assistance has
been specifically requested by police, fire, or relief organizations. Return
home only when authorities say it is safe.
Be aware of possible tsunamis if you live in coastal areas. – What are
these and why are they a problem??.
Help injured or trapped persons.
Clean up spilled medicines, bleaches, gasoline or other flammable
liquids immediately.
Inspect utilities. Check for gas leaks. What would you do if you
thought there was one? Would you know what to do in your home?
Look for electrical system damage. What would you be on the look out
for? What could you do? Do you know where to look in your home?
Check for sewage and water lines damage. If you suspect sewage lines
are damaged, avoid using the toilets and call a plumber. If water pipes
are damaged, contact the water company and avoid using water from the
tap. You can obtain safe water by melting ice cubes.
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Homework
Imagine you are in an earthquake zone (maybe that’s
true, in which case even more important!)
Check out your house to see what changes you might
like to make so it would be safer in a quake.
Check you know where the water, electricity, (and gas
if you have it) can be turned off.
Find 3 good places indoors to DROP – COVER – HOLD
Find (or imagine) a good-sized strong container to keep
your emergency supplies in and list the things that
should go in it.
Write short report on what you have decided – take a
picture or 2 to explain if you like – but do shrink the
pictures really small – ask if you do not know how to do
this.
Do use
http://www.fema.gov/plan/prevent/earthquake/prepar
edness_home.shtm#1 for ideas.
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