Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Chapter 10 Becoming a World Power (1890–1915) Section 1 The Pressure to Expand • What factors led to the growth of imperialism around the world? • In what ways did the United States begin to expand its interests abroad in the late 1800s? • What arguments were made in favor of United States expansion in the 1890s? Under imperialism, stronger nations attempt to create empires by dominating weaker nations. The late 1800s marked the peak of European imperialism, with much of Africa and Asia under foreign domination. Several factors account for the growth of imperialism. – Economic factors: The growth of industry increased the need for natural resources and raw materials. – Nationalistic factors: Competition among European nations for large empires was the result of a rise in nationalism—or devotion to one’s own nation. – Military factors: Europe had better armies than Africa and Asia, and it needed bases around the world to refuel and supply navy ships. – Humanitarian factors: Europeans believed that they had a duty to spread the blessings of western civilizations to other countries. Some Americans believed that we needed to annex, or acquire, territory in order to compete with European nations. Other Americans disagreed. Annexation ideas included... MANIFEST DESTINY Belief from the 1830s to the 1850s that it was the fate of the U.S. to control all of the territory in North America. This belief that God had given us the right to North America justified our annexation of Mexican lands and acquisition of California. and more annexation ideas… MONROE DOCTRINE In 1823, declared that U.S. would oppose any attempt by any European power to control a nation in the Western Hemisphere. It also said that the U.S. would remain neutral in the affairs of European nations. And more expansion… On March 30, 1867, the United States reached an agreement to purchase Alaska from Russia for a price of $7.2 million ($1.67 billion dollars in 2006). This amounts to about 2 cents per acre. The Treaty with Russia was negotiated and signed by Secretary of State William Seward and Russian Minister to the United States Edouard de Stoeckl. Russia sold us this land to prevent the British from gaining control of this territory that was difficult for Russia to defend. Seward survived an assassination attempt on April 14, 1865 (the same night Abraham Lincoln was shot) by Lewis Powell, an associate of John Wilkes Booth, who broke into Seward's bedroom after telling his servant he was there to deliver medicine to Seward. Powell sliced open Seward’s cheek after several attempts to stab him were unsuccessful. Powell also attempted to stab Seward in the neck, but was unsuccessful because Seward was wearing a neck brace from a carriage accident he had been in about a month earlier. The brace saved his life. Critics of the deal to purchase Alaska called it "Seward’s Folly” , “Seward’s Icebox”, “Andrew Johnson’s Polar Bear Garden", and “Icebergia.” •The Russians who lived in Alaska at the time of the purchase had three years to return to Russia or they would become citizens of the United States. The uncivilized native tribes would be subjected to the laws of the U.S.. Opposition to the purchase of Alaska subsided with the Klondike Gold Strike in 1896 and the Alaska pipeline in the 1960s. Today Alaska exports over $3 billion dollars in natural resources. It produces about 20 percent of the world’s oil and contains several outstanding gold mines. •On January 3, 1959, Alaska, with a land mass larger than Texas, California and Montana combined, became the 49th state in the union. It is a large state, 1/5 the size of all the other states together, reaching so far to the west that the International Date Line had to be bent to keep the state all in the same day. It's also the only U.S. state extending into the Eastern Hemisphere. And more annexation…. In 1869, Secretary of State William Seward orchestrated the nation's annexation of the Midway Islands. The following year, Congress appropriated $50,000 for the construction of a ship channel into a central lagoon area, which provided a safe harbor for vessels to refuel and get repairs when crossing the Pacific. Arguments for U.S. Expansion Promoting Economic Growth • The United States needed to secure new markets in other countries. • The United Fruit Company invested and gained political influence in some Central American nations. These nations were called banana republics. “Banana republic” was a derogatory term used to describe what Americans believed to be backward, uncivilized nations. Protecting American Security • An expanded navy with bases around the world would protect U.S. interests. Admiral Alfred T. Mahan, in his book The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, argued that the nation’s economic future hinged on gaining and protecting those new markets abroad. By 1900, the United States had one of the most powerful navies in the world. Preserving American Spirit • Some leaders of the day believed that introducing Christianity and modern civilization to less developed nations around the world was a noble pursuit. These leaders like Theodore Roosevelt, Albert Beveridge, and Henry Cabot Lodge believed in Social Darwinism. • They believed in the superiority of the Anglo-Saxon race over “heathen” people. Results of U.S. expansion Chapter 10 section 1 Questions 1. What were the major economic arguments for imperialism? The United States needed raw materials and new markets for its expanding industry 2.Why did the United States follow a policy of expansionism in the late 1800s? The nation sought more markets for the goods produced 3. Why did the United States annex the Midway Islands? For a naval refueling and repair station 4. Define imperialism. Stronger nations attempt to create empires by dominating weaker nationseconomically, politically, culturally, or militarily 5. What are the banana republics? Term used to describe Central American nations dominated by U. S. business interests; derogatory term used to denote inferiority of those nations 6. Who was responsible for the annexation of Alaska? Was it really a “folly”? Sec. of State William Seward No, it was not a folly. The raw materials found in Alaska more than paid for its cost Section 2 The Spanish-American War **The main goal of America was to liberate Cuba from Spanish rule. At the end of the Spanish-American War, the United States would be a world power with much new territory to govern. Setting the Stage for War • By demanding that a dispute between Venezuela and Great Britain be sent to arbitration, the United States defended the validity of the Monroe Doctrine. Arbitration is the settlement of a dispute by a person or panel chosen to listen to both sides and come to a decision. The British government backed down because it needed to stay on friendly terms with the United States. This was a major victory for the U. S. because Great Britain was the most powerful nation at that time. • The United States became involved in the Cuban rebellion against Spain, to protect American business interests. • In competition for readership, two newspapers, Joseph Pulitzer’ New York World and William Randolph Hearst’s New York Journal, wrote exaggerated stories about the Cuban rebellion. This yellow journalism sold a lot of papers but had other effects as well: – It whipped up American public opinion in favor of the Cuban rebels. – It led to a burst of national pride and the desire for an aggressive foreign policy, which became known as jingoism. William Randolph Hearst Joseph Pulitzer Causes of the Spanish-American War: 1. Appeals by Jose Marti for the U.S. to intervene on the part of Cuban rebels against the Spanish forces led by Valeriano Weyler. Under Weyler, the Butcher, over 200,000 Cubans had died of starvation in his “reconcentration camps”. The U.S. came to the rescue of the Cubans after stories of Weyler’s tactics were published and after guerillas destroyed American sugar plantations 2. The De Lome Letter- (Feb. 1898)this stolen letter from the Spanish ambassador to Washington criticized President McKinley as “weak and a bidder for the admiration of the crowd.” This letter intensified anti-Spanish sentiment. 3. Yellow journalism- U.S.S. MAINE (Feb.1898) explosion caused ship to sink killing 250 American sailors. Journalists at the New York Morning Journal irresponsibly placed the blame for the sinking of the ship on the Spanish by saying that they had torpeoed the Maine. The explosion was probably caused by a fire near the ammunition. This event rallied the American public against the Spanish. 4. Requests from Emilio Aquianaldo that the U.S. intervene in the Philippines on behalf of the Filipino rebels to overthrow the Spanish who were repressive. Americans felt a kinship with them because their struggle was similar to our own in our Revolution against the British. “A Splendid Little War” •Under the command of Admiral George Dewey the Spanish fleet was destroyed in Manila Bay in the Philippines in about 7 hours during a surprise attack on May 1, 1898. •Rough Riders (First Volunteer Cavalry) July 1, 1898, Theodore Roosevelt led the charge up San Juan Hill in the invasion of Cuba. This event made TR a war hero. •July 3, 1898-when the Spanish fleet made a desperate attempt to escape Santiago harbor in southeastern Cuba, the U.S. Navy sank every Spanish ship. •2,500 Americans died in the war, but only 400 of them in battle. The others had died from food poisoning, diseases, and inadequate medical care. Treaty of Paris 1898 ends the Spanish American War • Spain recognized Cuba’s independence • The United States gave Spain $20 million for Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines. These became “unincorporated” territories, which meant that they were not intended for statehood. • This treaty passed by one vote more than the 2/3 majority needed. Many Americans were still anti-imperialists. The Fate of the Philippines • • After the U.S. came to the aid of the Filipinos to overthrow cruel Spanish rule, we refused to leave the Philippines. President McKinley said, “We could not leave them to themselves-they were unfit for selfgovernment, and they would soon have anarchy and misrule worse than Spain’s was…there was nothing left for us to do but to take them all, and to educate the Filipinos, and uplift and civilize and Christianize them…” It would take another war between the U.S. and the Philippines before the Filipinos would finally gain independence in 1946. 4,000 Americans died and 3,000 were wounded. 16,000 Filipino rebels were killed and 200,000 civilians. The man is McKinley. The lady with the candle is Justice. What is Justice trying to show McKinley? What point is she trying to make? The Fate of Cuba • The U.S. had promised that it would not annex Cuba • When the war was over, the U.S. military governed Cuba for three years in order to protect American business interests there. • In 1900 the U.S. authorized Cuba to draft a new constitution, but would not remove the military unless Cuba included the Platt Amendment which stated that Cuba could not enter into any foreign agreements, would allow the U.S. to build military bases on the island, and would give the U.S. the right to intervene in Cuban affairs whenever necessary. • The Platt Amendment remained in force until 1934. Guantanamo Bay Naval Base Annexation of Hawaii • Despite the fact that Queen Liliuokalani wanted to keep “Hawaii for the Hawaiians”, it was annexed in 1898. • Sanford B. Dole(as in pineapple man) had used the U.S. Marines to secure the removal of Queen Liliuokalani from the thrown. • McKinley and Dole then convinced Congress that the U.S. needed Hawaii for a military base to protect its world trade interests in the Pacific. (And to protect Dole’s business interests there.) • McKinley said that the annexation of Hawaii was Manifest Destiny. The 1898 Annexation Ceremony in Honolulu Open Door Policy in China-on the other side of the globe, the United States was acquiring new markets also. • • • In the late 1800s many nations were competing for a sphere of influence in China’s vast new markets. Sec. of State John Hay persuaded the competing European nations to keep an “open door” in China where all nations, including the United States, could have access to China’s millions of consumers. A secret Chinese society called the Righteous and Harmonious Fists, the Boxers, did not want China’s door open and fought to keep out all foreign influence. The Boxers attacked Christian missionaries and Chinese Christians who had paved the way for foreign influence in China. The Boxers were eventually defeated by European powers. G. B. Farthing was an English Baptist missionary in Shansi province. He and his family were killed by the Boxers in 1900.