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Chapter 10
Becoming a World Power
(1890–1915)
Section 1
The Pressure to Expand
• What factors led to the growth of
imperialism around the world?
• In what ways did the United States begin
to expand its interests abroad in the late
1800s?
• What arguments were made in favor of
United States expansion in the 1890s?
Under imperialism, stronger nations attempt to create empires by
dominating weaker nations. The late 1800s marked the peak of
European imperialism, with much of Africa and Asia under
foreign domination.
Several factors account for the
growth of imperialism.
– Economic factors: The growth of industry
increased the need for natural resources and raw
materials.
– Nationalistic factors: Competition among
European nations for large empires was the
result of a rise in nationalism—or devotion to
one’s own nation.
– Military factors: Europe had better armies than
Africa and Asia, and it needed bases around the
world to refuel and supply navy ships.
– Humanitarian factors: Europeans believed that
they had a duty to spread the blessings of
western civilizations to other countries.
Some Americans believed that we needed to annex, or acquire, territory in order to
compete with European nations. Other Americans disagreed.
Annexation ideas included...
MANIFEST DESTINY
Belief from the 1830s to the 1850s that it was
the fate of the U.S. to control all of the territory in North America. This belief that
God had given us the right to North America justified our annexation of Mexican lands
and acquisition of California.
and more annexation ideas…
MONROE DOCTRINE
In 1823, declared that U.S.
would oppose any attempt by any European power to control a nation
in the Western Hemisphere. It also said that the U.S. would remain
neutral in the affairs of European nations.
And more expansion…
On March 30, 1867, the United States reached an agreement to purchase Alaska
from Russia for a price of $7.2 million ($1.67 billion dollars in 2006). This amounts to
about 2 cents per acre. The Treaty with Russia was negotiated and signed by Secretary
of State William Seward and Russian Minister to the United States Edouard de Stoeckl.
Russia sold us this land to prevent the British from gaining control of this territory
that was difficult for Russia to defend.
Seward survived an assassination attempt on April 14, 1865 (the
same night Abraham Lincoln was shot) by Lewis Powell, an
associate of John Wilkes Booth, who broke into Seward's
bedroom after telling his servant he was there to deliver
medicine to Seward. Powell sliced open Seward’s cheek after
several attempts to stab him were unsuccessful. Powell also
attempted to stab Seward in the neck, but was unsuccessful
because Seward was wearing a neck brace from a carriage
accident he had been in about a month earlier. The brace saved
his life.
Critics of the deal to purchase Alaska called it
"Seward’s Folly” , “Seward’s Icebox”,
“Andrew Johnson’s Polar Bear Garden", and “Icebergia.”
•The Russians who lived in Alaska at the time of the purchase had
three years to return to Russia or they would become citizens of the
United States. The uncivilized native tribes would be subjected to
the laws of the U.S.. Opposition to the purchase of Alaska subsided
with the Klondike Gold Strike in 1896 and the Alaska pipeline in the
1960s. Today Alaska exports over $3 billion dollars in natural
resources. It produces about 20 percent of the world’s oil and
contains several outstanding gold mines.
•On January 3, 1959, Alaska, with a
land mass larger than Texas,
California and Montana combined,
became the 49th state in the union.
It is a large state, 1/5 the size of all
the other states together, reaching
so far to the west that the
International Date Line had to be
bent to keep the state all in the
same day. It's also the only U.S.
state extending into the Eastern
Hemisphere.
And more annexation….
In 1869, Secretary of State William Seward orchestrated the nation's annexation of
the Midway Islands. The following year, Congress appropriated $50,000 for the
construction of a ship channel into a central lagoon area, which provided a safe
harbor for vessels to refuel and get repairs when crossing the Pacific.
Arguments for U.S. Expansion
Promoting
Economic
Growth
• The United States needed to secure new markets in other countries.
• The United Fruit Company invested and gained political influence in
some Central American nations. These nations were called banana
republics. “Banana republic” was a derogatory term used to describe
what Americans believed to be backward, uncivilized nations.
Protecting
American
Security
• An expanded navy with bases around the world would protect U.S.
interests. Admiral Alfred T. Mahan, in his book The Influence of Sea
Power Upon History, argued that the nation’s economic future hinged
on gaining and protecting those new markets abroad. By 1900, the
United States had one of the most powerful navies in the world.
Preserving
American
Spirit
• Some leaders of the day believed that introducing Christianity and
modern civilization to less developed nations around the world was a
noble pursuit. These leaders like Theodore Roosevelt, Albert
Beveridge, and Henry Cabot Lodge believed in Social Darwinism.
• They believed in the superiority of the Anglo-Saxon race over
“heathen” people.
Results of U.S. expansion
Chapter 10 section 1 Questions
1. What were the major economic arguments for imperialism?
The United States needed raw materials and new markets for its expanding industry
2.Why did the United States follow a policy of expansionism in the late 1800s?
The nation sought more markets for the goods produced
3. Why did the United States annex the Midway Islands?
For a naval refueling and repair station
4. Define imperialism.
Stronger nations attempt to create empires by dominating weaker nationseconomically, politically, culturally, or militarily
5. What are the banana republics?
Term used to describe Central American nations dominated by U. S. business
interests; derogatory term used to denote inferiority of those nations
6. Who was responsible for the annexation of Alaska? Was it really a “folly”?
Sec. of State William Seward
No, it was not a folly. The raw materials found in Alaska more than paid for its cost
Section 2
The Spanish-American War
**The main goal of America was to liberate
Cuba from Spanish rule.
At the end of the Spanish-American War,
the United States would be a world
power with much new territory to govern.
Setting the Stage for War
• By demanding that a dispute between Venezuela and
Great Britain be sent to arbitration, the United States
defended the validity of the Monroe Doctrine.
Arbitration is the settlement of a dispute by a person
or panel chosen to listen to both sides and come to a
decision.
The British government backed down because it
needed to stay on friendly terms with the United
States. This was a major victory for the U. S. because
Great Britain was the most powerful nation at that
time.
• The United States became involved in the Cuban
rebellion against Spain, to protect American business
interests.
• In competition for readership, two newspapers,
Joseph Pulitzer’ New York World and William
Randolph Hearst’s New York Journal, wrote
exaggerated stories about the Cuban rebellion. This
yellow journalism sold a lot of papers but had other
effects as well:
– It whipped up American public opinion in favor of the Cuban
rebels.
– It led to a burst of national pride and the desire for an
aggressive foreign policy, which became known as jingoism.
William Randolph Hearst
Joseph Pulitzer
Causes of the Spanish-American War:
1. Appeals by Jose Marti for the U.S. to intervene on the part of Cuban rebels
against the Spanish forces led by Valeriano Weyler. Under Weyler, the
Butcher, over 200,000 Cubans had died of starvation in his “reconcentration
camps”. The U.S. came to the rescue of the Cubans after stories of Weyler’s
tactics were published and after guerillas destroyed American sugar
plantations
2. The De Lome Letter- (Feb. 1898)this stolen letter from the Spanish
ambassador to Washington criticized President McKinley as “weak and a
bidder for the admiration of the crowd.” This letter intensified anti-Spanish
sentiment.
3. Yellow journalism- U.S.S. MAINE (Feb.1898) explosion caused ship to sink
killing 250 American sailors. Journalists at the New York Morning Journal
irresponsibly placed the blame for the sinking of the ship on the Spanish by
saying that they had torpeoed the Maine. The explosion was probably caused
by a fire near the ammunition. This event rallied the American public against
the Spanish.
4. Requests from Emilio Aquianaldo that the U.S. intervene in the Philippines on
behalf of the Filipino rebels to overthrow the Spanish who were repressive.
Americans felt a kinship with them because their struggle was similar to our
own in our Revolution against the British.
“A Splendid Little War”
•Under the command of Admiral George Dewey the Spanish fleet was
destroyed in Manila Bay in the Philippines in about 7 hours during a
surprise attack on May 1, 1898.
•Rough Riders (First Volunteer Cavalry) July 1, 1898, Theodore Roosevelt
led the charge up San Juan Hill in the invasion of Cuba. This event made
TR a war hero.
•July 3, 1898-when the Spanish fleet made a desperate attempt to escape
Santiago harbor in southeastern Cuba, the U.S. Navy sank every Spanish
ship.
•2,500 Americans died in the war, but only 400 of them in battle. The
others had died from food poisoning, diseases, and inadequate medical
care.
Treaty of Paris 1898 ends the
Spanish American War
• Spain recognized Cuba’s independence
• The United States gave Spain $20 million
for Guam, Puerto Rico, and the
Philippines. These became
“unincorporated” territories, which meant
that they were not intended for statehood.
• This treaty passed by one vote more than
the 2/3 majority needed. Many Americans
were still anti-imperialists.
The Fate of the Philippines
•
•
After the U.S. came to the aid of the Filipinos to overthrow cruel Spanish
rule, we refused to leave the Philippines.
President McKinley said,
“We could not leave them to themselves-they were unfit for selfgovernment, and they would soon have anarchy and misrule worse than
Spain’s was…there was nothing left for us to do but to take them all, and to
educate the Filipinos, and uplift and civilize and Christianize them…”
It would take another war between the U.S. and the Philippines before the Filipinos
would finally gain independence in 1946. 4,000 Americans died and 3,000 were
wounded. 16,000 Filipino rebels were killed and 200,000 civilians.
The man is McKinley. The
lady with the candle is Justice.
What is Justice trying to show
McKinley? What point is she
trying to make?
The Fate of Cuba
• The U.S. had promised that it would not annex Cuba
• When the war was over, the U.S. military governed Cuba for three
years in order to protect American business interests there.
• In 1900 the U.S. authorized Cuba to draft a new constitution, but
would not remove the military unless Cuba included the Platt
Amendment which stated that Cuba could not enter into any foreign
agreements, would allow the U.S. to build military bases on the
island, and would give the U.S. the right to intervene in Cuban
affairs whenever necessary.
• The Platt Amendment remained in force until 1934.
Guantanamo Bay
Naval Base
Annexation of Hawaii
• Despite the fact that Queen Liliuokalani wanted to keep “Hawaii
for the Hawaiians”, it was annexed in 1898.
• Sanford B. Dole(as in pineapple man) had used the U.S.
Marines to secure the removal of Queen Liliuokalani from the
thrown.
• McKinley and Dole then convinced Congress that the U.S.
needed Hawaii for a military base to protect its world trade
interests in the Pacific. (And to protect Dole’s business
interests there.)
• McKinley said that the annexation of Hawaii was Manifest
Destiny.
The 1898 Annexation Ceremony in Honolulu
Open Door Policy in China-on the other side of the globe,
the United States was acquiring new markets also.
•
•
•
In the late 1800s many nations were competing for a sphere of influence in China’s
vast new markets.
Sec. of State John Hay persuaded the competing European nations to keep an “open
door” in China where all nations, including the United States, could have access to
China’s millions of consumers.
A secret Chinese society called the Righteous and Harmonious Fists, the Boxers, did
not want China’s door open and fought to keep out all foreign influence. The Boxers
attacked Christian missionaries and Chinese Christians who had paved the way for
foreign influence in China. The Boxers were eventually defeated by European
powers.
G. B. Farthing was an English
Baptist missionary in Shansi
province. He and his family were
killed by the Boxers in 1900.