* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Vitamin and Mineral Deficiencies and Toxicities
Survey
Document related concepts
Food politics wikipedia , lookup
Body fat percentage wikipedia , lookup
Saturated fat and cardiovascular disease wikipedia , lookup
Malnutrition in South Africa wikipedia , lookup
Gastric bypass surgery wikipedia , lookup
Food choice wikipedia , lookup
Alcoholic polyneuropathy wikipedia , lookup
Plant nutrition wikipedia , lookup
Human nutrition wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Module 5.1 Fat Soluble Vitamins By Jennifer Turley and Joan Thompson © 2013 Cengage Presentation Overview Comparison of vitamins in the body Diagnosing deficiency and toxicity The fat soluble vitamins, A, D, E, K Notable health implications Comparisons of Vitamins in the Body Water soluble absorbed directly into the blood stream, circulate, travel, and stored in water compartments in cells, excreted in urine without intake, deficiency signs and symptoms occur more quickly Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Pantothenic acid, B6 & B12, Vitamin C, Biotin, Folate & Choline Comparisons of Vitamins in the Body Fat soluble absorbed into lymph; many require protein carriers associate with fat, not readily excreted without intake deficiency signs and symptoms occur more slowly, toxicity is possible and longer lived even when intake is normalized Vitamins A, D, E & K Diagnosing Nutritional Deficiency or Toxicity 1. Dietary records: Demonstrate low/high intake and/or confirm a metabolic or physiological problem that creates an altered need. 2. Clinical deficiency or toxicity symptoms: Are compatible with low/high dietary intake or altered need. 3. Biochemical tests: Such as blood levels, tissue levels & urine levels demonstrate low/high body levels of the nutrient. 4. Nutrient supplementation: Serves as biological evidence by correcting the deficiency signs & symptoms. For toxicity, removal of the excess. Vitamin A Chemistry A family of compounds including: Retinol, Retinal, Retinoic acid Pro-Vitamin A carotenoids like beta-carotene Retinyl Esters (animal foods) Retinol (reproduction) Beta-Carotene (plant foods) Retinal (vision) Retinoic Acid (Growth Regulator) Vitamin A Functions Vision Internal & external surface linings (epithelial cells) Growth Reproduction (esp embryonic development) Gene expression Immune function Pro-vitamin A forms have antioxidant properties Adult deficient, adequate, toxic values Deficiency Adequacy (<66% of DRI) DRI: 700-900 µg RE/day Approx. <500 µg RE/day RDI: 5,000 IU Hypovitaminosis A Bone & tooth: Impaired growth Central Nervous System: Night blindness, complete blindness (Xerophthalmia) GI System: Diarrhea Immunity: Depressed immunity, more infections Skin: Hyperkeratosis (thickened skin) Normal vision, gene expression, reproduction, embryonic development, epithelial cell maintenance, growth, and immune function 25 mg betacarotene (provitamin A is safe to take daily if you are not a smoker or drinker). Toxicity (>UL) >3,000 µg RE/day Bone & tooth: Decreased bone mineral density Central Nervous System: Headache, vertigo GI System: Nausea and vomiting, liver abnormalities Neuro-Muscular: Incoordination Skin: orange color with excess beta-carotene Other: Retinoid embryopathy Vitamin A Food Sources Retinol: (animal) Fortified milk, cheese, butter, margarine Eggs Liver Beta-Carotene: (Plant) dark green leafy vegetables broccoli, deep orange fruits, & vegetables Vitamin A Food Sources Vitamin D Chemistry Increases bone mineralization Increases intestinal absorption of calcium Increase phosphorus excretion Regulates Ca-P balance Deficiency Adequacy Toxicity (<66% of DRI) Approx. <3 µg/day DRI: 15 µg/day (>UL) >50 µg/day Rickets (children) Osteomalacia (adults) Bone & tooth: poor growth, bowed legs, soft bones, pigeon chest, knocked knees, and malformed teeth in children. Porous bones in adults. Cardio-Vascular: increased circulating levels (PTH) and (AlkP) and decreased circulating levels of serum phosphorus GI System: Decreased calcium absorption RDI: 400 IU = 6.5 µg Normal calcium and phosphorus balance and cell metabolism Needs are based upon an inadequate exposure to sunlight. Sunlight not implicated in toxicity. Hypervitaminosis D characterized by high levels of 25(OH)D from supplementation Cardio-Vascular: High blood calcium Central Nervous System: Weakness GI System: Nausea, vomiting, anorexia Other: Kidney stones, increased thirst, urination, and urinary calcium Vitamin D Food Sources Fortified products like milk, margarine, & some cereals Eggs & fatty fish Self-synthesis with unprotected peak sunlight exposure Vitamin D Food Sources Vitamin E Chemistry A family of alpha, beta, gamma, delta tocopherols & tocotrienols Alpha-tocopherol form is believed to be the most active Vitamin E Functions Membrane anti-oxidant & stabilizer Deficiency Adequacy Toxicity (<66% of DRI) Approx. <10 mg/day DRI: 15 mg/day (>UL) >1,000 mg/day Premature infants: hemolytic anemia Adults: not well characterized RDI: 30 IU Normal cell membrane integrity, reduced oxidative stress, and molecular functioning Relatively nontoxic Toxicity with supplements Interferes with vitamin K’s role in blood clotting, augmentation of anti-blood clotting medication and increases hemolysis Vitamin E Food Sources Nuts Seeds Plant oils Wheat germ Fortified cereals Vegetables Vitamin E Food Sources Vitamin K Chemistry Phylloquinone (K1) from plant sources & naphthaquinones (K2, multiple forms) from animal sources & gut bacteria. Deficiency Adequacy Toxicity (<66% of DRI) Approx. <60 µg/day DRI: 90-120 µg /day RDI: 90 µg (>UL) Not Determined CardioNormal blood Vascular: clotting & bone Increases metabolism clotting time, hemorrhaging with cut or injury Poorly described in adults GI System: High levels from supplemented menadione causes jaundice and liver damage in infants Cardio-Vascular: Interference with antiblood clotting medication Vitamin K Food Sources Green leafy & cruciferous vegetables Soybeans Vitamin K is made by Some plant oils bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract Vitamin K Food Sources Summary Diagnosing & confirming a nutrient deficiency or toxicity requires a diet analysis, clinical evaluation, biochemical analysis, & evaluating the response to corrected intake levels Toxicities and deficiencies take longer to develop for fat soluble vitamins as compared to water soluble vitamins The fat soluble vitamins are grouped by their solubility in oil The fat soluble vitamins have specific chemical forms & functions in the body DRIs exist for essential fat soluble vitamins: A, D, E, & K Deficiency & toxicity signs & symptoms are unique for each of these nutrients as are their food sources References for this presentation are the same as those for this topic found in module 3 of the textbook