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Basic Laboratory Techniques in Chemistry PURIFICATION OF WATER The usual laboratory method of obtaining pure water is distillation. This method of purification will remove any substance that has a boiling point heigher than that of water. When water contains bicarbonates of Ca, Mg or Fe it is said to have carbonate hardness. When water contains calcium sulphate, magnesium sulphate, calcium chloride and magnesium chloride it is said to have noncarbonate hardness. Another effective method of obtaining pure water is the use of organic deionizers. These are organic resins that exchange H ions for the cations and OH ions for the anions. water Natural water Heavy water Pure water Deionizers Distillation Evaporation Condensation Zeolite Dowex Amberlite PREPARATION OF OXYGEN AND HYDROGEN Among the gases that occur in the atmosphere, oxygen is the most important to use. OXYGEN Method of preparation - Heating potassium chlorate - Fractional distillation of liquid air - Electrolysis of water HYDROGEN Method of preparation - Using metal - Electrolysis of water - Passing steam CARBON AND HYDROCARBONS Organic chemistry is the chemistry of the compounds of carbon. The forms of carbon Fuel Lubrificant Electrical Metallurgy conductor Catting Special Alloys tools metal Charcoal Coke Anthracite graphite Diamond Amorphous CARBON Carbons Hydrogen Halogen Oxygen Carbon compounds Dyes Plastics Textile fibers Medicines Drugs HYDROCARBONS Alkane Series They have single covalent bonds Alkene They have double covalent bonds Alkynes They have triple covalent bonds HYDROCARBONS PROCESSING - Cracking - Alkylation - Polymerization - Hydrogenation - Dehydrogenation - Aromatization BIBLIOGRAPHY P. Briano – A Matter of life - English for Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology – Edisco P. Vaudo – On the Lab – Ed. Yuvenilia Author: Gabriele