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Basic Laboratory Techniques in Chemistry
PURIFICATION OF WATER
The usual laboratory method of obtaining pure water is
distillation.
This method of purification will remove any substance
that has a boiling point heigher than that of water.
When water contains bicarbonates of
Ca, Mg or Fe it is said to have
carbonate hardness.
When water contains calcium sulphate,
magnesium sulphate, calcium chloride
and magnesium chloride it is said to have
noncarbonate hardness.
Another effective method of obtaining pure water is the use of
organic deionizers.
These are organic resins that exchange H ions for the cations
and OH ions for the anions.
water
Natural water
Heavy water
Pure water
Deionizers
Distillation
Evaporation
Condensation
Zeolite
Dowex
Amberlite
PREPARATION OF OXYGEN AND HYDROGEN
Among the gases that occur in the atmosphere,
oxygen is the most important to use.
OXYGEN
Method of preparation
- Heating potassium chlorate
- Fractional distillation of liquid air
- Electrolysis of water
HYDROGEN
Method of preparation
- Using metal
- Electrolysis of water
- Passing steam
CARBON AND HYDROCARBONS
Organic chemistry is the chemistry of the compounds of
carbon.
The forms of carbon
Fuel
Lubrificant
Electrical
Metallurgy
conductor
Catting Special Alloys
tools
metal
Charcoal
Coke
Anthracite
graphite
Diamond
Amorphous
CARBON
Carbons
Hydrogen
Halogen
Oxygen
Carbon compounds
Dyes
Plastics
Textile fibers
Medicines
Drugs
HYDROCARBONS
Alkane
Series
They have single covalent
bonds
Alkene
They have double covalent
bonds
Alkynes
They have triple covalent
bonds
HYDROCARBONS PROCESSING
- Cracking
- Alkylation
- Polymerization
- Hydrogenation
- Dehydrogenation
- Aromatization
BIBLIOGRAPHY
P. Briano – A Matter of life - English for Chemistry, Biology and
Biotechnology – Edisco
P. Vaudo – On the Lab – Ed. Yuvenilia
Author: Gabriele